SOLUTIONS
2024 BOARD EXAM
CBSE CLASS 12-HUMANITIES GEOGRAPHY Board Paper 2024 — Set 5
2024
GEOGRAPHY
CLASS 12-HUMANITIES
CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER-2024
GEOGRAPHY
(Solved)
General Instructions :
Read the following instructions carefully and follow them :
- This question paper contains 35 questions. All questions are compulsory.
- This question paper is divided into 4 sections.
- Section A – questions number 1 to 4 are case based questions
- Section B – questions number 5 to 21 are multiple choice questions
- Section C – questions number 22 to 27 are short answer
- Section D – questions number 28 to 35 are long answer
- There is no overall choice given in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
- Use of calculator is NOT allowed.
Section A
Question 1.
Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur Region.
This region lies between 32° 11' N and 32° 41' N latitudes and 76° 22' E and 76°53' E longitudes. Spread over an area of about 1,818 sq km, the region mostly lies between 1,500 m to 3,700 m above the mean sea level. This region popularly known as the homeland of Gaddis is surrounded by lofty mountains on all sides. It has Pir Panjal in the north and Dhaula Dhar in the South. In the east, the extension of Dhula Dhar converges with Pir Panjal near Rohtang Pass. The river Ravi and its tributaries - the Budhil and the Tundahen, drain this territory, and carve out deep gorges. These rivers divide the region into four physiographic divisions called Holi, Khani, Kugti, and Tundah areas. Bharmaur experiences freezing weather conditions and snowfall in winter. Its mean monthly temperature in January remains 4 °C and in July 26 °C.
(1) Describe the location of Bharmaur region.
[1 Marks]
Answer: The Bharmaur region is located in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It lies between 32° 11' N and 32° 41' N latitudes and 76° 22' E and 76° 53' E longitudes. The area spans approximately 1,818 square kilometers and is situated at an altitude ranging from 1,500 meters to 3,700 meters above mean sea level. Bharmaur is characterized by its mountainous terrain, bordered by the Pir Panjal range to the north and the Dhaula Dhar range to the south. The eastern convergence of these mountains occurs at the Rohtang Pass. Additionally, the region is drained by the river Ravi and its tributaries, namely Budhil and Tundahen, which have carved deep gorges and divided the area into four physiographic divisions: Holi, Khani, Kugti, and Tundah. The climate in Bharmaur is notably harsh, with freezing temperatures in winter and significant snowfall, where January averages around 4 °C, while July sees a rise to an average of 26 °C.
Key Points: Location between 32° 11' N and 32° 41' N; between 76° 22' E and 76° 53' E; area of 1,818 sq km; altitude of 1,500 m to 3,700 m; bordered by Pir Panjal and Dhaula Dhar ranges; divided into four physiographic areas: Holi, Khani, Kugti, Tundah; rivers Ravi, Budhil, Tundahen; harsh climate with winter snowfall.
(2) Why is this region economically backward? Explain any one reason.
[1 Marks]
Answer: The Bharmaur region is economically backward primarily due to its harsh climate conditions which severely limit agricultural productivity and resource availability. The freezing temperatures in winter, with an average of 4 °C in January, and significant snowfall make traditional farming challenging. This adverse climate contributes to low agricultural yields, leading to inadequate food supplies and limited economic activities. Additionally, the geographical isolation of the community, which has been compounded by the region's rugged terrain and lack of infrastructure, restricts access to markets and other economic opportunities, exacerbating the economic backwardness of the Gaddi community.
Key Points: harsh climate conditions-limited agricultural productivity-geographical isolation
(3) Why does this region experience harsh climatic conditions? Give one reason.
[1 Marks]
Answer: The Bharmaur region experiences harsh climatic conditions primarily due to its high altitude, which ranges between 1,500 m to 3,700 m above mean sea level. This elevation results in lower temperatures and significant snowfall during winter, contributing to freezing weather conditions.
Key Points: high altitude-low temperatures-significant snowfall
Question 2.
Study the given map carefully and answer the questions that follow: Inland Waterway
(1) Identify the given inland waterway and write its name.
[1 Marks]
Answer: The given inland waterway is recognized as National Waterway No. 3. This waterway plays a significant role in facilitating transport in India.
Key Points: Inland waterways include rivers and canals; navigable waterways are essential for transport; National Waterway No. 3 is significant in India.
(2) Mention its two tributaries joining from East.
[1 Marks]
Answer: The Brahmaputra River has several tributaries, of which two notable ones joining from the east are the Lohit River and the Subansiri River. The Lohit River originates from Tibet and flows into the Brahmaputra in Assam, while the Subansiri River also originates from the Himalayas and merges with the Brahmaputra near the Assam–Arunachal Pradesh border. These tributaries contribute significantly to the water flow and sediment load of the Brahmaputra.
Key Points: Lohit River-Subansiri River-contribution to Brahmaputra
(3) Write the names of terminal ports of the given waterways.
[1 Marks]
Answer: The terminal ports of the given inland waterways include:\n1. Duluth - located on Lake Superior, this port serves as a key terminal for shipping goods via the Great Lakes.\n2. Buffalo - situated at the eastern end of Lake Erie, Buffalo serves as a significant port for access to the St. Lawrence River system.\n3. Mannheim - located on the Rhine River in Germany, it acts as an important inland port connecting various trade routes.\n4. Duisburg - also on the Rhine, Duisburg is one of the largest inland ports in the world, facilitating extensive cargo traffic.
Key Points: Duluth - Lake Superior; Buffalo - Lake Erie; Mannheim - Rhine River; Duisburg - Rhine River
(4) Explain the importance of inland waterways as the means of transportation in the world.
Answer: Inland waterways play a crucial role in global transportation due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency in moving goods and passengers. Historically, they were the primary mode of transport before the introduction of railways. Despite facing competition from road and rail networks, inland waterways remain significant, especially for transporting heavy and bulky materials. They contribute to sustainable transport options, as water transport is fuel-efficient and eco-friendly when compared to road and rail transport. Furthermore, advances in technology have improved navigability through dredging and the construction of dams, allowing for better use of rivers and canals for trade and transport. In India, for example, 14,500 km of navigable waterways contributes to domestic and international trade, highlighting their significance in modern transportation systems. Overall, inland waterways are integral not only for their economic benefits but also for their environmental advantages in the transportation sector.
Key Points: Cost-effective for transporting cargo and passengers - Fuel-efficient and eco-friendly - Significant alternative to road and rail transport - Enhanced navigability through technology - Contributes to domestic and international trade
Question 3.
On the given political outline map of the world, seven geographical features have been shown as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Identify any five with the help of following information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them :
(1) A major sea-port
Answer: One major sea-port that can be identified is 'Los Angeles Port' located on the west coast of the United States. It is a key commercial port that handles a large volume of container shipments and serves as a crucial gateway for international trade.
Key Points: Los Angeles Port-Commercial port-Handles container shipments-Gateway for trade
(2) An area of nomadic herding
Answer: One significant area of nomadic herding is the region that extends from the Eastern Mediterranean across the Arabian Peninsula to Mongolia and Central China. This area is characterized by pastoral nomadism where people rely on herding livestock such as sheep, goats, and camels which are well adapted to the harsh conditions of these regions. The decreasing number of pastoral nomads in this area is attributed to political boundaries imposed by governments and the transformation of land for settlement purposes. Particularly, the importance of herding in the sub-Arctic regions where reindeer herding prevails showcases the traditional practices that are still maintained. Overall, pastoral nomadism in these regions highlights the intricate relationship between geography, politics, and culture in shaping human livelihoods.
Key Points: Region extending from North Africa to Mongolia-Importance of pastoral nomadism-Decrease in nomads due to political boundaries and settlement plans-Sub-Arctic reindeer herding
(3) A terminal station of trans-continental railway.
Answer: One significant terminal station of a trans-continental railway is Vladivostok, which is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway. This railway is crucial for connecting the European part of Russia with its Asian territories, facilitating trade and transport across the continent.
Key Points: Vladivostok-Trans-Siberian Railway-eastern terminus-economic benefits-global connections
(4) An important shipping canal
Answer: An important shipping canal is the Suez Canal. It was constructed in 1869 in Egypt, linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The Suez Canal plays a crucial role in global trade, offering a new gateway for Europe to the Indian Ocean, and significantly reducing travel time between Europe and Asia compared to the longer Cape of Good Hope route. It is designed as a sea-level canal, which means it does not require locks, facilitating easier navigation.
Key Points: Suez Canal-constructed in 1869-Egypt-links Mediterranean and Red Sea-reduces travel distance for trade-navigable without locks
(5) Name the international airport of Chile.
Answer: The international airport of Chile is Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport, located near Santiago, the capital city of Chile. It serves as the main gateway for international travelers to and from the country.
Key Points: Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport - located in Santiago - main gateway for international travel
(6) Name an important area of subsistence gathering in Africa.
Answer: An important area of subsistence gathering in Africa is the Congo Basin. This region is known for its rich biodiversity and is home to various indigenous communities that rely on primitive subsistence agriculture and gathering for their sustenance. The practice of shifting cultivation is prevalent among these communities, where they move from one area to another to harvest crops, allowing the land to regenerate.
Key Points: Congo Basin- Indigenous communities- Primitive subsistence agriculture- Shifting cultivation practices
(7) Name an area of nomadic herding in Asia.
Answer: One prominent area of nomadic herding in Asia is the Mongolian steppe. This region is known for its vast grasslands which support the herding of livestock, particularly horses, sheep, and goats. The nomadic herders in Mongolia move seasonally to find pasture and water for their animals, reflecting traditional pastoral nomadism.
Key Points: Mongolian steppe - supports livestock herding - seasonal movement - traditional pastoral nomadism
(8) Name the major seaport located on the west coast of Canada.
Answer: The major seaport located on the west coast of Canada is Vancouver. It is known for its strategic location which facilitates trade with both Asia and other parts of North America. Vancouver is a bustling port that handles a variety of cargo including containers, bulk cargo, and automobiles, making it one of the busiest ports in Canada.
Key Points: Vancouver is the major seaport; located on the west coast of Canada; facilitates trade with Asia and North America; handles containers and bulk cargo; one of the busiest ports in Canada.
(9) Name the canal connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
Answer: The canal connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea is called the Suez Canal. It was constructed in 1869 in Egypt and serves as a crucial navigational route, linking Europe to the Indian Ocean. This canal has significantly reduced the maritime distance between various global ports.
Key Points: Suez Canal-constructed in 1869-linking Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea-important navigation route-reduces distance for maritime trade
(10) An area of subsistence gathering
Answer: An area of subsistence gathering refers to regions where communities primarily depend on natural resources for their livelihood, often through hunting, gathering, fishing, and small-scale agriculture. Such areas are typically characterized by a sustainable approach to resource use that has been developed over long periods, allowing local populations to meet their basic needs while minimizing environmental impact. Examples of areas of subsistence gathering may include the Arctic regions, where Indigenous people depend on hunting marine mammals, or certain forested areas, where communities gather wild plants and fruits.
Key Points: Definition of subsistence gathering-Characteristics of subsistence gathering areas-Examples of subsistence gathering regions
(11) An international airport
Answer: An international airport is a significant hub for global air travel, facilitating the movement of passengers and goods across countries. Notable international airports include Frankfurt Airport in Germany, which is one of the busiest in the world, and Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi, India, known for its extensive connectivity. These airports often serve as major converging points for international air routes, making them crucial for international trade and tourism.
Key Points: Identification of major international airports; importance of international airports for global connectivity; examples of specific international airports; correlation with air route convergence.
(12) Name the eastern terminal station of Trans-Canadian Railway.
Answer: The eastern terminal station of the Trans-Canadian Railway is Halifax. This city serves as the starting point of the railway that spans across Canada, connecting various essential cities and facilitating trade and transportation.
Key Points: The eastern terminal is Halifax-Trans-Canadian Railway length is 7,050 km-Runs from Halifax to Vancouver
(13) Name an area of extensive commercial grain farming in Australia.
Answer: An area of extensive commercial grain farming in Australia is the Australian Downs. This region is known for its vast fields of wheat and other grains, supported by mechanised farming techniques that enhance productivity.
Key Points: Australian Downs-extensive commercial grain farming-mechanised farming techniques
(14) An area of extensive commercial grain farming
Answer: The area of extensive commercial grain farming is primarily located in the following regions: 1. The American Corn Belt, known for its extensive corn production; 2. The Prairies in Canada, famous for wheat cultivation; 3. The Pampas in Argentina, which are fertile plains suitable for grains; 4. The Velds in South Africa, which support grain farming; and 5. The Canterbury Plains in New Zealand, noted for its agricultural activity. Each of these regions is characterized by vast stretches of land dedicated to the cultivation of grains, contributing significantly to the global food supply.
Key Points: American Corn Belt - Prairies of Canada - Pampas of Argentina - Velds of South Africa - Canterbury Plains of New Zealand
Question 4.
Locate and label any five of the following geographical features with appropriate symbols on the given political outline map of India:
(1) Astate leading in the production of coffee.
Answer: The state leading in coffee production in India is Karnataka. Karnataka is located in the southern part of India and accounts for more than two-thirds of the total coffee production in the country. The coffee is primarily cultivated in the highlands of the Western Ghats within Karnataka, making it a significant contributor to India's coffee exports. Other states that also cultivate coffee include Kerala and Tamil Nadu, but Karnataka remains the top producer.
Key Points: Karnataka is the leading state for coffee production-Accounts for over two-thirds of coffee production-Cultivation mainly in the Western Ghats-Imports arabica variety in demand globally
(2) Animportant coal mining area in West Bengal.
Answer: The important coal mining area in West Bengal is the Raniganj coalfield, located in the eastern part of the state. It is known for its rich reserves of high-quality coal and plays a significant role in India's coal production. To accurately mark this on the map, I would label the Raniganj coalfield with a coal symbol, which is often represented by a black square or a small coal icon. Additionally, it is essential to provide context by mentioning key facts about the area, such as its proximity to the Chhotanagpur Plateau and its contribution to the energy sector in India.
Key Points: Raniganj coalfield- Coal symbol- Chhotanagpur Plateau- High-quality coal reserves- Major role in India's energy sector
(3) Anoil refinery in Uttar Pradesh.
Answer: To locate the oil refinery in Uttar Pradesh on the political outline map of India, first identify Uttar Pradesh, which is situated in the northern part of India, bordered by several states. The oil refinery should be marked with a specific symbol, such as an oil droplet or a factory icon, to indicate its function. Additionally, label the refinery appropriately with the name 'Oil Refinery'. For a comprehensive mapping, ensure to include a legend explaining the symbols used for various geographical features. Other features to mark could include major cities, rivers, or other refineries in proximity to give a contextual understanding.
Key Points: Identify Uttar Pradesh - Use an appropriate symbol - Label as 'Oil Refinery' - Include a legend - Contextualize with nearby features
(4) An international airport in Gujarat.
Answer: The international airport in Gujarat is Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, located in Ahmedabad. It is one of the major airports in India, catering to both domestic and international flights. On the political outline map of India, it can be marked with a triangle symbol, located in the central part of Gujarat, northeast of the city of Ahmedabad.
Key Points: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport-Ahmedabad-International airport in Gujarat
(5) Astate with highest population density.
Answer: The state with the highest population density in India is Uttar Pradesh. With its vast population, it exhibits a density of approximately 828 persons per square kilometer as per the latest census data. This high density is attributed to its fertile plains which support agriculture, as well as being an important cultural and economic hub in the country. The map can be labeled with a specific symbol (such as a dot or star) next to Uttar Pradesh to represent its status as the most densely populated state.
Key Points: Highest population density; Uttar Pradesh; density of 828 persons/km²; fertile plains; cultural and economic significance
(6) A major seaport along the coast of Goa.
Answer: The major seaport along the coast of Goa is Marmagao Port. It is notable for being one of the natural ports on the western coast of India and plays a significant role in the maritime trade of the region. Located in the southern part of Goa, Marmagao serves as an important dock for cargo ships, particularly for the export of iron ore and other goods. When marking it on the political outline map, it can be represented with a dot and labeled accordingly.
Key Points: Marmagao Port-Important natural port-Location in southern Goa-Serves maritime trade-Cargo export notably iron ore
(7) An iron-ore mining area in Chhattisgarh.
Answer: The major iron-ore mining area in Chhattisgarh is located in the Chhotanagpur Plateau. This region is known for its rich deposits of iron ore, making it a significant contributor to India's iron and steel industry. To label the area on the political outline map of India, I would place a symbol denoting mining activities in the vicinity of Dalli-Rajhara, which is one of the key mining centers in Chhattisgarh.
Key Points: Chhotanagpur Plateau; Rich deposits of iron ore; Dalli-Rajhara as a mining center; Importance for iron and steel industry; Proximity to coal fields
(8) Which state has the highest population density ?
Answer: According to the provided context, Uttar Pradesh has the highest population density among Indian states. This is evident from the data suggesting that Uttar Pradesh leads in both the overall population and the physiological density metrics. Factors contributing to this include its large population and urbanization, as well as historical growth patterns that have made it a populous area. Understanding this context helps to illustrate the dynamics of population distribution in India.
Key Points: Uttar Pradesh has the highest population density-High overall population-Uttar Pradesh's urbanization and growth patterns
(9) Name one iron-ore mining area in Chhattisgarh.
Answer: One iron-ore mining area in Chhattisgarh is the Bailadila range located in the Dantewada district. This region is known for its significant deposits of high-grade iron ore, which plays a crucial role in the iron and steel industry.
Key Points: Bailadila range-Dantewada district-High-grade iron ore-Iron and steel industry
(10) Name the international airport located in Karnataka.
Answer: The international airport located in Karnataka is Kempegowda International Airport, situated in Bengaluru. It serves as a major hub for domestic and international flights, linking the state to various global destinations. This airport significantly contributes to the economy of Karnataka and enhances connectivity for travelers and businesses.
Key Points: Kempegowda International Airport-Bengaluru-international hub-connectivity-economic importance
(11) Name the seaport along the coast of Goa.
Answer: The seaport along the coast of Goa is Marmagao. It is one of the major ports located on the western coast of India and plays a significant role in maritime trade.
Key Points: Marmagao is a major port in Goa- Located on the western coast of India- Important for maritime trade
(12) Name the place where oil refinery is located in Uttar Pradesh.
Answer: The oil refinery located in Uttar Pradesh is situated in the city of Mathura. Mathura Refinery, operated by Indian Oil Corporation, is one of the major oil refineries in India and plays a crucial role in meeting the energy demands of the region.
Key Points: Mathura Refinery - Indian Oil Corporation - Major oil refinery - Uttar Pradesh
(13) Name the state leading in the production of coffee.
Answer: The state leading in the production of coffee in India is Karnataka. It accounts for more than two-thirds of the coffee production in the country, primarily cultivating coffee in the highlands of the Western Ghats. Coffee from Karnataka, especially the arabica variety, is well-regarded in both domestic and international markets.
Key Points: Karnataka is the leading state, Accounts for over two-thirds of production, Coffee is grown in Western Ghats, Mainly arabica variety is cultivated, Coffee is in demand in international markets.
(14) Name one coal mining area in West Bengal.
Answer: One significant coal mining area in West Bengal is the Raniganj coal field. This region is part of the Damodar Valley Coalfield, known for its substantial coal deposits that contribute significantly to India's energy needs.
Key Points: Raniganj coal field - Damodar Valley - Major coal mining area - West Bengal
Section B
Question 5.
‘Neeru-Meeru’ watershed management programme is associated with which of the following states?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The Neeru-Meeru programme, which translates to 'Water and You', is specifically associated with Andhra Pradesh, as indicated in the provided context that mentions 'Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) programme (in Andhra Pradesh)...'.
Question 6.
Which of the following is a means of mass awareness regarding ‘water conservation’?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct option is 'Through T.V. and Print Media' because, as stated in the provided context, mass communication methods such as television and print media are effective means for creating mass awareness, including on topics like 'water conservation'. Other options refer to personal means of communication, which are not designed for mass awareness.
Question 7.
[1 Marks]
Which one of the following is the main objective of ‘Jal Kranti Abhiyan’?
Explanation: The main objective of the 'Jal Kranti Abhiyan' is to ensure water security through per capita availability of water in the country, as highlighted in the provided context. This aligns with the first option, 'Conservation of water resources', which is a critical aspect of ensuring overall water security.
Question 8.
[1 Marks]
Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Read them carefully and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): 'Free international trade can prove to be detrimental to the under-developed countries.' Reason (R): Under-developed countries are not at par to compete with developed countries.
Explanation: Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) because the assertion states that free international trade can negatively impact under-developed countries, which aligns with the reasoning that these countries lack the competitive edge necessary to thrive in a global market dominated by developed nations.
Question 9.
Which of the following fact about jute cultivation in India, is true?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct option is 'West Bengal is the leading producer of jute.' This is true because the provided context states that West Bengal accounts for about three-fourth of the jute production in India, making it the leading state in jute cultivation.
Question 10.
[1 Marks]
Read the following information carefully and identify the correct option for the crop:
Grown in Kharif season;
Mainly grown in semi-arid area in India;
Gujarat and Maharashtra are the leading producer states.
Explanation: The correct option is 'Cotton'. Cotton is a tropical crop that is grown in the Kharif season and is primarily cultivated in semi-arid areas of India. Moreover, Gujarat and Maharashtra are well-known as leading producer states for cotton, making this option the best fit.
Question 11.
Which one of the following states in India is the leading producer of manganese?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: Both Madhya Pradesh and Odisha are mentioned as leading producers of manganese in the context. However, since the question asks for the leading producer, and based on various sources, Odisha is often recognized as the top producer due to its significant mining activity, particularly in the central part of the iron ore belt.
Question 12.
Which one of the following is the largest coalfields in India?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct answer is Jharia, as it is stated in the provided context that Jharia is the largest coal field in India, followed by Raniganj.
Question 13.
Which of the following waterways and their stretches are correctly matched?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct option is National Waterways No.2 - Sadiya - Dhubri. This matches the provided context, which states that National Waterway No. 2 consists of the Sadiya-Dhubri stretch, covering 891 km along the Brahmaputra River. The other options are mismatched as per the given context.
Question 14.
[1 Marks]
Match Column-I with Column-II and choose the correct option.
Explanation: The correct matches are based on the standard classifications of collar colors and their corresponding nature of work in various sectors. Typically, red collars are associated with skilled labor, gold collars with professionals in high tech or management, white collars are office workers, grey collars may involve lower wage jobs, blue collars relate to manual labor, and pink collars typically refer to jobs in the service sector. The exact matches need to reflect these associations.
Question 15.
Which of the following metropolises is not linked with the ‘Golden Quadrilateral?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct option is Hyderabad. The Golden Quadrilateral connects the four metropolitan cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. Hyderabad is not included in this network.
Question 16.
[1 Marks]
Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Read them carefully and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): 'The gateways of the International trade are the ports and harbors.'
Reason (R): Only heavy cargos are transported through ports and harbours in the world.
Explanation: Assertion (A) is correct because ports and harbours indeed serve as the main gateways for international trade, facilitating the movement of cargoes and travelers. However, Reason (R) is incorrect as it falsely implies that only heavy cargos are transported through these ports. In reality, ports handle a diverse range of cargoes including general cargo and passenger traffic, as mentioned in the context.
Question 17.
Which one of the following is an example of oil port?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: Abadan is an example of an oil port as it is specifically mentioned in the context as a refinery port located on the Gulf of Persia, which deals with the processing and shipping of oil.
Question 18.
[1 Marks]
Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Read them carefully and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): 'Waterway is an important mode of transport both for passengers and cargo traffic in India.' Reason (R): 'It is fuel efficient and eco-friendly mode of transport.'
Explanation: Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) because India depends on waterways for transporting both passengers and cargo, and it is indeed a fuel-efficient and eco-friendly mode of transport as highlighted in the context provided.
Question 19.
[1 Marks]
Characteristics of High Human Development
High level of human development group has 53 countries. Providing education and healthcare is an important government priority. Countries with higher human development are those where a lot of investment in the social sector has taken place. Altogether, a higher investment in people and good governance has set this group of countries apart from the others.
Many of these countries has been the former imperial powers. The degree of social diversity in these countries is not very high. Many of the countries with a high human development score are located in Europe and represent the industrialised western world. Yet there are striking numbers of non-European countries also who have made it to this list.
Which one of the following is an important priority of ‘high human development index’ countries? Choose the most appropriate option.
Explanation: The correct answer is 'Education and healthcare.' The provided context explicitly states that providing education and healthcare is an important government priority in countries with a high human development index. This emphasis on the social sector is crucial for achieving higher human development scores.
Question 20.
[1 Marks]
Characteristics of High Human Development
High level of human development group has 53 countries. Providing education and healthcare is an important government priority. Countries with higher human development are those where a lot of investment in the social sector has taken place. Altogether, a higher investment in people and good governance has set this group of countries apart from the others.
Many of these countries has been the former imperial powers. The degree of social diversity in these countries is not very high. Many of the countries with a high human development score are located in Europe and represent the industrialised western world. Yet there are striking numbers of non-European countries also who have made it to this list.
Which one of the followings differentiates the higher human development countries from others? Choose the most appropriate option.
Explanation: The correct option is 'Higher investment in social sector.' The context clearly highlights that providing education and healthcare is a significant government priority, and that countries with high human development are characterized by substantial investment in the social sector, which distinguishes them from others.
Question 21.
[1 Marks]
Characteristics of High Human Development
High level of human development group has 53 countries. Providing education and healthcare is an important government priority. Countries with higher human development are those where a lot of investment in the social sector has taken place. Altogether, a higher investment in people and good governance has set this group of countries apart from the others.
Many of these countries has been the former imperial powers. The degree of social diversity in these countries is not very high. Many of the countries with a high human development score are located in Europe and represent the industrialised western world. Yet there are striking numbers of non-European countries also who have made it to this list.
How many countries are under ‘high human development index’ category?
Explanation: The correct answer is 53. The provided context explicitly states that the 'high level of human development group has 53 countries,' making this the accurate choice.
Section C
Question 22.
Nature and human are inseparable elements in all geographical studies. Examine the statement.
[3 Marks]
Answer: The inseparable relationship between nature and humans is fundamental in geography, as both aspects mutually influence one another. Early human societies relied heavily on their immediate environment for sustenance, which illustrates the profound impact of nature on human life. Conversely, as humans have evolved, they have shaped their environments through cultural practices and innovations. Human geography delves into how these interactions manifest in various aspects like food, shelter, and clothing. The study emphasizes understanding the earth as a shared space, integrating natural elements with human activity. As geography is inherently interdisciplinary, it underscores that one cannot fully comprehend human societies without considering the physical landscape that supports them, and vice versa.
Question 23.
Examine the main aspects of environmental determinism.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Environmental determinism is a concept that highlights the influence of nature on human societies, particularly during early technological stages. It suggests that human behavior and social development are largely shaped by environmental factors. Primitive humans, responding to the formidable forces of nature, adapted their social structures and practices in harmony with their surroundings. This relationship indicates that while individuals have some capacity to modify their environment, they must first understand and obey its natural laws. The dichotomy between environmental determinism and possibilism illustrates a balance where humans can operate within environmental limits. Neo-determinism, proposed by geographer Griffith Taylor, advocates for a middle ground, recognizing that technological advancement can alter the human-environment relationship while still being subject to natural constraints.
Question 24.
Explain the main features of periodic markets in rural areas of the world.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Periodic markets in rural areas are essential for fulfilling the temporary demand of residents when regular markets are not available. These markets operate at specified intervals, typically weekly or biweekly, allowing people from surrounding areas to gather and trade goods. They serve as quasi-urban centers for the distribution and collection of goods, often featuring wholesale mandis and retail areas. Personal and professional services are less developed here compared to urban markets, focusing instead on ordinary goods and essential services for the rural population.
Question 25.
Explain the main objectives of ‘Smart Cities Mission’ in India.
[3 Marks]
Answer: The Smart Cities Mission in India aims to enhance urban infrastructure and improve the quality of life for citizens. Its primary objectives include creating sustainable urban environments by applying intelligent solutions to infrastructure and services. The mission emphasizes inclusive development, focusing on compact areas that can serve as models for other cities. Additionally, it aims to promote disaster-resilient cities, resource-efficiency, and affordable services. Enhanced connectivity and improved public spaces are also key aspects of the mission, leading to cleaner, greener urban areas.
Question 26.
Explain the main features of the dispersed settlements in India.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Dispersed settlements in India are characterized by isolated huts or small hamlets scattered across various terrains, such as remote jungles and hilly areas. These settlements are often a result of the fragmented nature of the terrain, making cultivation and habitation difficult in close proximity. Regions like Meghalaya, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and parts of the middle and lower Ganga plain exemplify this pattern. The physical features, including altitude and water availability, along with cultural and ethnic factors, largely influence the distribution of these settlements, which are particularly aimed at security and resource allocation.
Question 27.
The composition of commodities in India’s international trade has been undergoing a change over the years. Examine the statement with examples.
[3 Marks]
Answer: The composition of India's international trade has indeed undergone significant changes over the years, especially from 2015 to 2022. Notably, the share of agricultural and allied products in exports has seen a decline, while manufactured goods have also reduced their share. In contrast, the share of imports has shifted towards crude petroleum and machinery. For instance, the import of crude oil has surged due to rising energy needs, while the export of textiles and agricultural products has stagnated. Data from the Economic Survey indicates that while India’s total trade volume has increased dramatically—from Rs. 1,214 crore in 1950-51 to Rs. 77,19,796 crore in 2020-21—the nature of what we trade is evolving. As of 2021-22, items like electronics and pharmaceuticals have gained prominence in exports. However, despite significant growth, India’s contribution to world trade remains limited at around 1%.
Section D
Question 28.
Analyse any five factors affecting world distribution of population.
[5 Marks]
Answer: The distribution of the world’s population is influenced by several key factors. Firstly, geographical features such as mountains, rivers, and climate significantly impact where people can live. Areas with a temperate climate and fertile land are more densely populated, like the European plains. Secondly, economic opportunities attract populations to urban areas; consequently, cities are often hubs of high population density due to job availability. Thirdly, historical migration, whether voluntary or forced, shapes demographic patterns. For instance, regions with colonial history often have diverse populations. Fourthly, social and political factors, including stability, affect migration and settlement patterns. Countries with conflict or instability see lower population densities. Finally, technological advancements in agriculture and industry have allowed populations to grow in areas previously deemed uninhabitable, such as deserts through irrigation. Together, these factors illustrate the complex dynamics of population distribution worldwide.
Question 29.
Examine the main characteristics of Co-operative Farming in the world.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Co-operative farming represents an innovative approach where farmers unite to enhance productivity and profitability through shared resources and efforts. It is characterized by voluntary cooperation among farmers, who maintain ownership of their individual farms while collectively managing agricultural activities. Co-operative societies play a crucial role in this framework by facilitating the procurement of essential farming inputs and ensuring that members can sell their products at favorable terms. This model not only aids in reducing costs through bulk purchasing but also enhances product quality by allowing for better processing options. The co-operative movement has seen significant success in various Western European countries, such as Denmark and Sweden, where it originated. Additionally, the concept of collective farming, as seen in the Soviet Union's Kolkhoz system, sought to optimize agricultural production by socializing the means of production. Overall, co-operative farming supports the drive for self-sufficiency and resilience in the agricultural sector by promoting collaboration, shared responsibilities, and community strength.
Question 30.
Examine the main characteristics of Dairy Farming in the world.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Dairy farming is a highly specialized and advanced type of agriculture focusing on the breeding and rearing of milch animals primarily for milk production. It is characterized by significant capital investment in infrastructure such as animal sheds, milking machines, and storage facilities for fodder, highlighting its capital-intensive nature. Dairy farming is predominantly labor-intensive due to the meticulous care needed for feeding and milking cows. This sector is strategically located near urban centers to ensure quick access to market demands for fresh dairy products. Major global regions where dairy farming thrives include North Western Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania. The farming practices are supported by modern advancements in technology, including refrigeration and pasteurization processes that extend the shelf life of dairy goods. Furthermore, breed selection and veterinary services play a crucial role in maintaining herd health and productivity. Dairy farming operates year-round due to its continuous demand and does not experience seasonal off periods like crop farming, which further underscores its importance in the agricultural economy.
Question 31.
Differentiate the small and large scale manufacturing industries in the world.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Small scale and large scale manufacturing industries differ significantly in various aspects. Small scale manufacturing is characterized by its limited capital investment, typically relying on local raw materials, simple machinery, and semi-skilled labor. Production occurs in workshops outside the home, fostering community employment and boosting local economies. In contrast, large scale manufacturing involves significant capital investment, advanced technology, and skilled labor. It operates on a mass production basis, utilizing assembly lines to produce goods efficiently. This type of industry often has a global market reach and can produce a high volume of products to meet widespread demand. Additionally, large scale manufacturing has a more complex production process requiring extensive energy resources and diversified raw materials. Ultimately, while small scale manufacturing supports localized, community-based production, large scale manufacturing drives industrial advancements and economic growth on a larger scale.
Question 32.
Examine the statement: ‘The distribution of urban population over India has wide variations.’
[5 Marks]
Answer: The distribution of urban population in India demonstrates notable disparities across various regions. As per recent data, only about 31.16% of India’s total population resides in urban areas, which signifies a low proportion of urbanization compared to rural settings. Significant states like Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra exhibit high urban population concentrations, reflecting diverse economic opportunities and migration patterns. The acceleration of urban growth can be attributed to improved health and economic conditions. In contrast, states with lower urban facilities witness slow urbanization. Moreover, the contrast between urban and rural areas in terms of cultural, social, and economic aspects further highlights the variations in urban population distribution. The urban areas serve distinct functions and entail higher population densities, leading to a concentration of resources and development that is significantly different from rural spaces. This variation underscores the complexity of urbanization in India, influenced by historical, economic, and geographical factors.
Question 33.
Examine the statement: ‘If development is not engendered, it is endangered.’ in the context of inclusive development.
[5 Marks]
Answer: The statement ‘If development is not engendered, it is endangered’ underscores the critical role of gender inclusion in the development process. Inclusive development recognizes that without the participation and empowerment of all genders, particularly women, societies cannot thrive. Gender discrimination creates barriers that limit the full potential of over half of the population, leading to stagnation or even regression in societal progress. The UNDP has highlighted this issue, asserting that true development necessitates the active involvement of all demographic groups. Therefore, if development efforts neglect to address gender disparities, they undermine the foundation of growth and progress, making it likely that such development will falter or collapse. To engender development, policies must prioritize equity, ensuring access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities for marginalized groups. This inclusivity not only fosters a more just society but also drives sustainable economic growth, as diverse perspectives and talents contribute to innovation and problem-solving. In this way, engendering development is essential for building resilient, adaptive communities that can face global challenges effectively.
Question 34.
Describe any two sources of air pollution in India and suggest any three measures to overcome the air pollution.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Air pollution in India is a pressing issue, primarily caused by various pollutants resulting from human activities. Two significant sources of air pollution include the combustion of fossil fuels and industrial emissions. The use of coal, petrol, and diesel in transport and energy production emits a range of harmful gases like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Additionally, emissions from factories release toxic pollutants, contributing to smog and poor air quality. To combat air pollution, three effective measures can be implemented: First, promoting the use of renewable energy sources like solar and wind can significantly reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Second, stricter regulations on industries to control emissions and ensure the installation of pollution control devices can mitigate harmful outputs. Third, increasing public awareness about the impact of air pollution through social media campaigns and educational programs can encourage community involvement in pollution reduction efforts.
Question 35.
Describe any two sources of water pollution in India. Suggest any three measures to overcome the water pollution.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Water pollution in India is a significant concern, primarily attributed to various sources. One major source is the agricultural runoff, where the indiscriminate use of fertilizers leads to high nitrate levels in surface waters, contaminating rivers and lakes. Another source is the cultural activities such as religious pilgrimages, which generate substantial waste and pollutants in water bodies. To combat water pollution effectively, three measures can be adopted. First, water conservation techniques, including rainwater harvesting and watershed development, can help in maintaining water quality. Second, creating awareness through social media and public campaigns will inform communities about pollution prevention. Lastly, constructing arsenic-free wells in polluted areas can provide cleaner drinking water, reducing the reliance on contaminated surface sources.
Other Years — GEOGRAPHY