SOLUTIONS
2024 BOARD EXAM
CBSE CLASS 12-HUMANITIES GEOGRAPHY Board Paper 2024 — Set 3
2024
GEOGRAPHY
CLASS 12-HUMANITIES
CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER-2024
GEOGRAPHY
(Solved)
General Instructions :
Read the following instructions carefully and follow them :
- This question paper contains 35 questions. All questions are compulsory.
- This question paper is divided into 4 sections.
- Section A – questions number 1 to 4 are case based questions
- Section B – questions number 5 to 21 are multiple choice questions
- Section C – questions number 22 to 27 are short answer
- Section D – questions number 28 to 35 are long answer
- There is no overall choice given in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
- Use of calculator is NOT allowed.
Section A
Question 1.
Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Dharavi.
There is only one main road that traverses Dharavi, which has been reduced to less than half of that for most of its length. Some of the side alleys and lanes are so narrow that not even a bicycle can pass. The whole neighbourhood consists of temporary buildings, two or three storeyed high with rusty iron stairways to the upper part, where a single room is rented by a whole family, sometimes accommodating 10- 12 people; it is a kind of tropical version of the industrial dwelling of Victorian London's East End.
But Dharavi is a keeper of more sombre secrets than the revulsion it inspires in the rich; a revulsion, moreover, that is, in direct proportion to the role it serves in the creation of the wealth of Bombay. In this place of shadowless, treeless sunlight, uncollected garbage, stagnant pools of foul water, where the only creatures are the shining black crows and long grey rats, some of the of the most beautiful, valuable and useful articles in India are made. From Dharavi come delicate ceramics and pottery, exquisite embroidery and zari work, sophisticated leather goods, high-fashion garments, finely-wrought metalwork, delicate jewellery settings, wood carvings and furniture that would find its way into the houses, both in India and abroad.
(1) Describe the physical condition of Dharavi.
[1 Marks]
Answer: Dharavi, known as Asia's largest slum, presents a strikingly challenging physical environment. The area is characterized by narrow alleys and lanes, preventing even bicycles from navigating through. Most of the buildings are temporary structures, comprising two to three stories, where multiple families often reside in a single cramped room. The overall atmosphere is marked by uncollected garbage and stagnant pools of foul water, creating unhygienic living conditions. Moreover, the place is bathed in relentless sunlight without any trees to provide shade, leading to a harsh climate. The presence of only a few creatures, such as black crows and grey rats, emphasizes the stark reality of life in Dharavi. Despite these grim conditions, Dharavi remains a hub of creative craftsmanship, producing valuable goods that contribute to India's wealth, showcasing a contrast between its physical state and the quality of its output.
Key Points: Narrow alleys and lanes; temporary, cramped buildings; uncollected garbage; stagnant foul water; harsh sunlight; presence of crows and rats; contrast with craftsmanship and wealth creation
(2) Explain one major problem of Dharavi.
[1 Marks]
Answer: One major problem faced by the residents of Dharavi is the lack of proper sanitation and waste management. The area experiences uncollected garbage and stagnant pools of foul water, which contribute to unhygienic living conditions. This situation not only poses health risks to the inhabitants but also reflects a broader neglect of this densely populated region. The narrow alleys and overcrowded temporary buildings exacerbate the issue, making it difficult to implement effective waste disposal systems, leading to a cycle of poverty and poor health among the residents.
Key Points: Lack of sanitation; uncollected garbage; stagnant pools of water; overcrowding; health risks; neglect of the area
(3) Explain the main objective of 'Swachh Bharat Mission in the context of Dharavi.
Answer: The main objective of the 'Swachh Bharat Mission' (SBM) in the context of Dharavi is to improve sanitation and hygiene in one of the largest slums in Asia. Dharavi faces significant challenges such as uncollected garbage, stagnant water, and inadequate sanitation facilities, which contribute to health hazards for its residents. The SBM aims to enhance the quality of life by promoting clean and sanitary living conditions. This involves the construction of toilets, waste segregation, and proper waste management systems, ultimately leading to a cleaner environment and improved public health for the residents of Dharavi. Furthermore, by addressing these issues, the Mission also aims to empower the community and contribute to the overall urban renewal initiative in Mumbai, illustrating the link between sanitation, public health, and socio-economic development.
Key Points: improve sanitation and hygiene-quality of life-clean and sanitary living conditions
Question 2.
Study the given diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow:
(1) Explain the importance of the waterway given in the diagram.
[1 Marks]
Answer: The waterway depicted in the diagram, specifically focusing on the National Waterway No. 3, plays a significant role in the transportation sector of India, especially in the North-east region. Firstly, it enhances economic development by facilitating the movement of goods and passengers, thus contributing to trade and commerce. Secondly, waterways are a cost-effective mode of transport, reducing congestion on roads and railways, which often suffer from overloading. Moreover, this specific waterway aids in the sustainable management of water resources, ensuring that transportation does not excessively burden the environment. Additionally, improving such waterways can lead to better connectivity in remote areas, providing crucial access to markets and opportunities for local communities. Therefore, the significance of National Waterway No. 3 extends beyond mere navigation to encompass broader economic, environmental, and social benefits.
Key Points: Economic development, Cost-effective transport, Sustainable resource management, Connectivity for remote areas
(2) With which waterway is the given diagram related?
[1 Marks]
Answer: The given diagram is related to the Rhine Waterway, which is one of the major inland waterways in Europe. It serves as a crucial route for the transportation of goods and passengers. The Rhine River flows through multiple countries, facilitating trade and commerce within the region. Its importance is highlighted by its navigability and the various cities it connects along its course.
Key Points: Rhine Waterway - major inland waterway in Europe - navigable for cargo and passengers - connects multiple countries - important for trade
(3) Mention the names of places marked (A) and (B) in the given diagram.
[1 Marks]
Answer: In the given diagram, the place marked (A) is New Delhi, which is the capital city of India and a major international hub. The place marked (B) is Mumbai, known for its significant domestic and international airport, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport.
Key Points: Identify (A) as New Delhi; Identify (B) as Mumbai; Mention their significance as major airports and capitals of India.
(4) Mention the name of the canal that links the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and explain its any two features.
Answer: The canal that links the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea is the Suez Canal. Constructed in 1869, this man-made waterway is significant for international trade and navigation. One of its key features is that it is a sea-level canal without locks, allowing ships to pass through without the need for lifting or lowering. Another important feature is that it drastically reduces the travel distance for maritime trade between Europe and the Indian Ocean, making routes much shorter and more efficient compared to the older route around the Cape of Good Hope.
Key Points: Suez Canal, constructed in 1869; links Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea; sea-level canal; reduces maritime distance; efficient trade route.
Question 3.
On the given political outline map of the World (on page 25), seven geographical features have been marked as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Identify any five with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them :
(1) Name a major area of subsistence gathering of North America.
Answer: A major area of subsistence gathering in North America is the northern regions of Canada, specifically the high latitude zones where hunting and gathering practices are prevalent among Indigenous communities. This area supports gathering activities due to its unique climate and ecosystem, which includes the availability of wild game and edible plants.
Key Points: northern Canada-high latitude zones-subsistence gathering-Indigenous communities
(2) A major shipping canal
Answer: The major shipping canal referred to in the context is the Suez Canal. Constructed in 1869, the Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, serving as a crucial route for international shipping and commerce.
Key Points: Suez Canal-constructed in 1869-connects Mediterranean and Red Sea-important for international shipping
(3) A major area of subsistence gathering
Answer: A major area of subsistence gathering refers to regions where communities rely on natural resources for their livelihoods. This includes activities such as hunting, gathering, fishing, and pastoral farming. Such areas are typically characterized by rich biodiversity and varying climates, which support the growth of wild flora and fauna. Therefore, this would likely be marked on the map as regions like the Amazon rainforest or the Arctic tundra, known for their traditional subsistence practices.
Key Points: subsistence gathering; natural resources; hunting and gathering; biodiversity; traditional practices
(4) A major area of nomadic herding
Answer: One major area of nomadic herding is the region extending from the Atlantic shores of North Africa eastwards across the Arabian Peninsula into Mongolia and Central China. This area is characterized by traditional practices of pastoral nomadism, where herders follow seasonal migratory routes with their livestock. Such regions are crucial for the livelihood of pastoral nomads who depend on the availability of grazing pastures and water sources. It represents a significant cultural and economic aspect of these communities.
Key Points: Nomadic herding region-Atlantic shores of North Africa-Arabian Peninsula-Mongolia-Central China-pastoral nomadism-seasonal migration-livelihood
(5) With which continent is Rhine Waterway related ?
Answer: The Rhine Waterway is related to the continent of Europe. It primarily flows through Germany and the Netherlands, showcasing its significance as a key inland waterway for transport and trade within this region.
Key Points: Rhine Waterway, navigable through Germany and Netherlands, significant for transport in Europe
(6) Write the name of a major airport of Japan.
Answer: A major airport in Japan is Tokyo Haneda Airport (HND). It is one of the busiest airports in the world and serves as a primary hub for domestic and international flights.
Key Points: Tokyo Haneda Airport, busy hub, domestic and international flights
(7) Terminal station of Trans-Siberian Railway
Answer: The terminal station of the Trans-Siberian Railway is Vladivostok. It is located on the Pacific coast and serves as a significant point for trade and transportation in Russia, connecting the country to Asian markets. The railway itself is crucial for the economic development of the Siberian region and enhances connectivity between Europe and Asia.
Key Points: Terminal station is Vladivostok-Trans-Siberian Railway important for trade-links West Europe to Asia-economic significance
(8) A major sea port of South America
Answer: A notable major sea port of South America is the Port of Santos in Brazil. It is not only the largest port in Brazil but also one of the busiest in Latin America, handling a significant volume of cargo including agricultural products such as coffee, soybeans, and sugar.
Key Points: Port of Santos, Brazil - largest port in Brazil - handles agricultural products - important for trade in South America
(9) A major airport of Asia
Answer: A major airport of Asia that can be identified on the map is 'Tokyo International Airport (Haneda)', which serves as a significant hub for air travel in the region and connects various international destinations.
Key Points: Tokyo International Airport (Haneda)-major hub in Asia-connections to various international destinations
(10) Name the western terminal station of 'Trans-Siberian Railway'.
Answer: The western terminal station of the 'Trans-Siberian Railway' is St. Petersburg. This station marks the starting point of one of the longest rail routes in the world that spans from the West to the East of Russia, facilitating important trade and transportation.
Key Points: St. Petersburg - Western terminal of Trans-Siberian Railway - Significant for trade - Longest railway route
(11) Name a major sea port located on the western coast of Canada.
Answer: A major sea port located on the western coast of Canada is Vancouver. It is significant due to its strategic location, facilitating trade and transportation across the Pacific Ocean. Vancouver serves as a crucial hub for goods entering and leaving Canada, handling a large volume of cargo and playing an essential role in the economy.
Key Points: Vancouver; major sea port; western coast of Canada; strategic location; economic significance
(12) An inland waterway
Answer: The river that serves as an important inland waterway is the Danube River. It is significant for Eastern Europe, rising in the Black Forest and flowing eastwards through several countries. The Danube is navigable up to Taurna Severin, facilitating transportation and trade with chief exports including wheat, maize, timber, and machinery. This highlights its importance as a crucial inland waterway in Europe.
Key Points: Danube River-navigable up to Taurna Severin-East Europe-transportation and trade-chief exports
(13) Write the name of a major area of extensive commercial grain cultivation of Eurasia.
Answer: One major area of extensive commercial grain cultivation in Eurasia is the American Corn Belt. This region is renowned for its significant production of corn and other grains such as wheat and soybean, playing a crucial role in global agribusiness.
Key Points: American Corn Belt - extensive grain cultivation - includes corn, wheat, and soybean - significant role in global agriculture
(14) Name the shipping canal connecting Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean.
Answer: The shipping canal connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean is the Panama Canal. Constructed across the Panama Isthmus, it serves as a crucial maritime shortcut, reducing the travel distance between the east and west coasts of the Americas significantly.
Key Points: Panama Canal-Connects Atlantic and Pacific Oceans-Constructed across Panama Isthmus-Significantly reduces travel distance
Question 4.
On the given political outline map of India (on page 27), locate and label any five of the following seven geographical features with appropriate symbols :
(1) Katni : Major bauxite mines
Answer: To locate and label Katni as a major bauxite mine on the map, I would first identify the location of Katni, which is situated in the state of Madhya Pradesh. After marking the precise location, I would use the symbol for mineral resources, such as a small mine or mineral icon, to indicate it as an area rich in bauxite. This is significant as bauxite is a key raw material for aluminum production, and its mining contributes to the local economy and industry.
Key Points: Location of Katni in Madhya Pradesh-Bauxite as key mineral resource-Importance of bauxite for aluminum production
(2) Barauni : Oil refinery
Answer: Barauni is located in the state of Bihar, India. It is an important market-based oil refinery that processes crude oil into usable petroleum products. The refinery plays a crucial role in the local economy by providing jobs and supporting local industries. To locate and label Barauni on the map, identify its position near the Ganga River in the district of Begusarai, using an appropriate symbol such as an oil barrel or a refinery icon.
Key Points: Location in Bihar-Begusarai district; important market-based refinery; close to Ganga River; symbol representation; contribution to local economy
(3) The leading state in the production of coffee
Answer: The leading state in the production of coffee in India is Karnataka. It contributes more than two-thirds of the total coffee production in the country. Coffee cultivation is primarily found in the highlands of the Western Ghats, making Karnataka a significant player in the coffee industry. The state predominantly produces the Arabica variety of coffee, which is highly valued in the international market.
Key Points: Karnataka is the leading state for coffee production; contributes over two-thirds of India's coffee; located in highlands of Western Ghats; primarily grows Arabica variety; ranked eighth globally in coffee production.
(4) The leading state in the production of sugarcane
Answer: The leading state in India in the production of sugarcane is Uttar Pradesh. This state accounts for nearly 40% of the total sugarcane production in the country. The climatic conditions in Uttar Pradesh, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic plain, are conducive for sugarcane farming, allowing for a high yield compared to other states. Other significant sugarcane producing states include Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh, but none match the output of Uttar Pradesh.
Key Points: Uttar Pradesh leads sugarcane production-accounts for 40% of India's total production-high yield in Indo-Gangetic plain-similar cultivation in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh
(5) Which state of India is leading in sugarcane production ?
Answer: The state leading in sugarcane production in India is Uttar Pradesh. It accounts for approximately two-fifths (about 40%) of the total sugarcane production in the country. The state is well-suited for sugarcane cultivation due to its favorable climatic conditions and extensive irrigated areas, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic plain. Other states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh also contribute significantly to sugarcane production, but Uttar Pradesh remains the largest producer.
Key Points: Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of sugarcane-Accounts for about 40% of country's production-Irrigated areas in Indo-Gangetic plain-Other major states include Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh
(6) The state with the lowest level of population density
Answer: The state with the lowest level of population density in India is Arunachal Pradesh. It has a population density of only 0.11% as per the distribution of population data. This low density is attributed to its large geographical area, hilly terrain, and less urbanization compared to other states. The Himalayan and northeastern regions of India, including Arunachal Pradesh, typically exhibit lower population densities due to these physical and socioeconomic factors.
Key Points: Arunachal Pradesh - 0.11% population density - Large geographical area - Hilly terrain - Less urbanization - Northeastern region
(7) Name the state where Paradwip sea port is located.
Answer: The Paradwip sea port is located in the state of Odisha. It serves as a significant port on the eastern coast of India, facilitating maritime trade and connections with various regions through the Bay of Bengal.
Key Points: Paradwip sea port-Odisha-east coast-maritime trade-Bay of Bengal
(8) Name the state where Barauni Oil refinery is located.
Answer: The Barauni Oil refinery is located in the state of Bihar. It is a market-based refinery established in Barauni, which plays a significant role in the oil refining industry of India. This refinery is strategically positioned to cater to the petroleum needs of the northern region of the country.
Key Points: Barauni Oil refinery-state of Bihar-market based refinery-significant role in petroleum industry
(9) Name the state with the lowest level of population density.
Answer: The state with the lowest level of population density in India is Sikkim. Sikkim is located in the Himalayan region, where states generally have lower population densities due to rugged terrain and a relatively smaller population. This is consistent with the observed trend that the hill states and northeastern states of India, excluding Assam, possess lower population densities.
Key Points: Sikkim-lowest density-Himalayan region-characteristics of low population density
(10) Hyderabad : Major airport
Answer: Hyderabad is an important major airport located in the state of Telangana. On the political outline map of India, it can be marked by representing the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport with a triangle symbol. This airport serves as a major hub for both domestic and international flights, facilitating connectivity and commerce for the region.
Key Points: Location: Telangana - Symbol: Triangle for Airport - Importance: Major hub for domestic and international flights
(11) Name the leading state of coffee production.
Answer: The leading state of coffee production in India is Karnataka. It is responsible for over two-thirds of the total coffee production in the country, primarily cultivating coffee in the highlands of the Western Ghats. Karnataka is renowned for producing superior quality arabica coffee, which is highly demanded in the international market.
Key Points: Karnataka - leading state in coffee production - contributes over two-thirds of India's coffee - located in Western Ghats - primarily grows arabica variety - significant in international market
(12) Name the state where Thiruvananthapuram airport is located.
Answer: Thiruvananthapuram airport is located in the state of Kerala. It is one of the major airports serving the southern region of India and plays a crucial role in connecting the Kerala state with domestic and international destinations.
Key Points: Thiruvananthapuram airport-Kerala-major airport-southern region-connectivity
(13) In which state are the Katni bauxite mines located ?
Answer: The Katni bauxite mines are located in the state of Madhya Pradesh. This region is known for its rich mineral resources, including bauxite, which is primarily used for aluminum production. The geographical location of Katni contributes significantly to the mineral wealth of Madhya Pradesh.
Key Points: Katni, Madhya Pradesh, bauxite mines, mineral resources, aluminum production
(14) Paradwip : Major sea port
Answer: Paradwip is a prominent major sea port located on the eastern coast of India, specifically in the state of Odisha. It lies near the confluence of the Mahanadi River with the Bay of Bengal. The port plays a significant role in enhancing trade and commerce in the region due to its strategic location, enabling accessibility to international shipping routes. To locate Paradwip on the map, identify the eastern coastal plains of India and mark the area near the Mahanadi delta with a suitable symbol representing a major sea port.
Key Points: Location in Odisha-East coast of India-Confluence of Mahanadi and Bay of Bengal-Significance in trade and commerce-Marking method for a major port
Section B
Question 5.
[1 Marks]
International Labour Organisation initiated which one of the following approaches of Human Development?
Explanation: The correct option is 'Basic Needs' because the International Labour Organisation (ILO) initially proposed this approach, focusing on six essential needs: health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing.
Question 6.
Which one of the following types of agriculture is concerned with the production of a single crop?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct option is Plantation agriculture, which is concerned with the production of a single crop, often in large quantities for commercial purposes. This is distinct from other agriculture types listed, which either involve multiple crops (mixed farming) or are more focused on subsistence with varied crop cultivation.
Question 7.
[1 Marks]
Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements carefully and choose the correct option:
Assertion (A): Manpower is an important component of the service sector.
Reason (R): Most of the tertiary activities are performed by skilled labour and professionally trained experts.
Explanation: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). This is correct because the assertion identifies the significance of manpower in the service sector, and the reason elaborates on this by stating that skilled labour and trained experts carry out most tertiary activities, underlining the importance of manpower in this sector.
Question 8.
[1 Marks]
Two statements are given below as I and II. Read both the statements carefully and choose the correct option:
Statement I: Most of the quaternary activities can be outsourced.
Statement II: These services are not necessarily based on resources and market.
Explanation: Statement I is correct because the context mentions that like some tertiary functions, quaternary activities can also be outsourced. Statement II is also correct as it states that these services are not tied to resources or necessarily localized by market, which aligns with the description provided in the context. However, Statement II does not serve as a correct explanation for Statement I, as it does not directly justify why quaternary activities can be outsourced. Therefore, the most suitable option is: 'Statements I and II both are correct, but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I.'
Question 9.
[1 Marks]
Which of the following sea route connects Vancouver and Yokohama?
Explanation: The North Pacific sea route directly links the ports on the west coast of North America, such as Vancouver, with those of Asia, including Yokohama. This route reduces the travelling distance significantly, as mentioned in the context.
Question 10.
[1 Marks]
Which of the following is an example of 'Entrepot Port'?
Explanation: Singapore is an example of an 'Entrepot Port' as it serves as a collection center where goods from different countries are brought for export. This is supported by the context which specifically mentions Singapore as an entrepot for Asia.
Question 11.
[1 Marks]
Match Column I with Column II and choose the correct option:
Explanation: The correct option is 1-(i), 2-(iv), 3-(ii), 4-(iii). This option aligns with the tasks of identifying patterns of natural and cultural features (i), understanding distribution patterns (iv), determining impacts of natural processes on settlements (ii), and analyzing social composition related to population growth (iii) as discussed in the provided context.
Question 12.
[1 Marks]
Arrange the following commodities of Indian export during 2016-17 in descending order of their percentages and choose the correct option:
I. Crude and petroleum products
II. Manufactured goods
III. Agriculture and allied products
IV. Ore and minerals
Explanation: The correct order of commodities exported by India in 2016-17 is II, I, IV, III. According to the context provided, petroleum products and manufactured goods had significant shares in exports, while agriculture and allied products had decreased shares. Therefore, based on their export values in the provided context, the correct descending order is manufactured goods, crude and petroleum products, ore and minerals, and finally agriculture and allied products.
Question 13.
Which of the following sea ports in India has been developed specially to import petroleum and fertilizers?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct answer is Kandla. According to the context, Deendayal Port (Kandla port) has been developed specifically to cater to the needs of importing large quantities of petroleum and fertilizers, distinguishing it from the other options listed.
Question 14.
[1 Marks]
Which of the following are the correct two terminal places of North-South Corridor?
Explanation: The North-South Corridor connects Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, making 'Srinagar and Kanyakumari' the correct answer. The corridor spans 4,076 km, as outlined in the provided context.
Question 15.
[1 Marks]
Which one of the following is an example of solid waste?
Explanation: Old newspapers are an example of solid waste as they are discarded materials that are classified as refuse, garbage, or rubbish, and fit the definition of solid waste mentioned in the context.
Question 16.
[1 Marks]
Read the following sources of land pollution carefully and choose the correct option:
I. Improper human activities
II. Untreated industrial waste
III. Practice of primitive subsistence agriculture
IV. Use of pesticides and fertilizers
Explanation: The correct option is 'Only I, II and IV are correct.' Improper human activities (I), untreated industrial waste (II), and the use of pesticides and fertilizers (IV) are all noted sources of land pollution according to the provided context. The practice of primitive subsistence agriculture (III) is not specified as a direct source of land pollution.
Question 17.
[1 Marks]
The given diagram is related to which of the following National Waterways of India?
Explanation: The correct answer is National Waterway Number 3, as the relevant context specifies that the consultation figure (Fig. 7.7) corresponds to the Kottapuram-Kollam stretch (205 km), which is identified as National Waterway No. 3.
Question 18.
[1 Marks]
Mark (B) on the diagram is related to which of the following places?
Explanation: The correct option is Haldia. The context mentions that Haldia Port is located 105 km downstream from Kolkata and was constructed to reduce congestion at the Kolkata port. It handles various bulk cargoes and is significant for shipping activities in the region.
Question 19.
[1 Marks]
Which of the following is the longest National Waterway ?
Explanation: The correct option is National Waterway Number 1, which has a stretch of 1,620 km (Allahabad-Haldia stretch), making it the longest National Waterway in India compared to National Waterway Number 2 (891 km), National Waterway Number 3 (205 km), and National Waterway Number 4 which is not specified with a length but does not exceed NW 1's length.
Question 20.
[1 Marks]
National Waterway Number 2 is related to which of the following rivers ?
Explanation: National Waterway Number 2 is related to the Brahmaputra river, as indicated in the context stating that it covers the Sadiya-Dhubri stretch (891 km) and the Brahmaputra is navigable by steamers up to Dibrugarh.
Question 21.
[1 Marks]
Choose the correct option related to the two end points of National Waterway Number 2.
Explanation: The correct option is 'Sadiya-Dhubri' because the context specifies that National Waterway Number 2 has a stretch of 891 km between these two points, making them the designated end points of this waterway.
Section C
Question 22.
[3 Marks]
Neo-determinism attempts to bring a balance between the two concepts of human-environment relationship. Examine the statement with examples.
Answer: Neo-determinism seeks to balance the relationship between humans and their environment by acknowledging that while the environment influences human actions, humans also have the capacity to modify their surroundings. For instance, the phenomenon of receding glaciers highlights human impact through global warming, which has accelerated due to industrial activities. Conversely, through sustainable practices such as afforestation and responsible urban planning, humanity can mitigate these adverse effects. This balance indicates that human actions can harmonize with environmental constraints, fostering a sustainable coexistence.
Question 23.
How does science and technology help in the increase of population in the world? Explain.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Science and technology have significantly contributed to population growth in various ways. Firstly, advancements in medicine have led to lower mortality rates due to improved healthcare, vaccinations, and disease control, which increases life expectancy. Additionally, agricultural technology has enhanced food production, supporting larger populations by ensuring food security. Furthermore, reproductive health technologies enable effective family planning, allowing families to have more children while controlling fertility rates. Such innovations enable societies to manage resources better and maintain population growth sustainably.
Question 24.
Describe any three factors responsible for the development of different types of rural settlements in India.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Three significant factors influencing the development of various rural settlements in India are physical features, cultural and ethnic factors, and security considerations. Firstly, physical features such as the nature of terrain, altitude, climate, and availability of water significantly shape settlement patterns. In regions with fertile land and water, we often observe clustered settlements. Secondly, cultural and ethnic factors, including social structures, caste systems, and religious affiliations, play a crucial role in determining the organization of communities. Finally, security factors, aimed at defense against thefts and robberies, lead to the creation of more compact settlements, ensuring communal safety. Collectively, these factors contribute to the diverse manifestations of rural settlements across the country.
Question 25.
Describe any three characteristics of hamleted settlements in India.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Hamleted settlements in India exhibit several distinct characteristics. Firstly, they are fragmented into smaller units, known locally as panna, para, or palli, creating a sense of social and ethnic diversity within the settlement. Secondly, these settlements often arise in regions with specific geographical features, such as the middle and lower Ganga plains or hilly terrains like Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, where the terrain influences the dispersion of households. Lastly, hamleted settlements reflect social structures, where traditional practices and community ties can lead to the formation of these separate units, often motivated by cultural and security considerations, ensuring protection against external threats.
Question 26.
[3 Marks]
Misuse of any resources will lead to fewer opportunities for future generations. Explain the statement with examples in the context of sustainable development.
Answer: The statement emphasizes the necessity of sustainable development, which ensures that future generations have equal opportunities to thrive. Misusing resources, such as depleting mineral reserves without recycling, results in scarcity, hindering economic growth for future populations. For instance, extraction of fossil fuels contributes to environmental degradation, affecting all life forms. Conversely, adopting renewable energy sources like solar and wind helps preserve these resources. Additionally, prioritizing education for girls opens doors for economically active women in the future, thus promoting equitable development.
Question 27.
[3 Marks]
Welfare approach of human development emphasizes on the actions for development of human beings. Explain the statement with examples.
Answer: The welfare approach to human development is centered on ensuring that individuals are seen as beneficiaries of development initiatives. It emphasizes the role of the government in enhancing human development through increased spending on crucial sectors. For instance, investing in education leads to an educated workforce, while healthcare expenditure ensures a healthier population. Government-funded welfare programs, such as food security initiatives and housing schemes, aim to meet basic needs and improve living standards. This approach underscores that individuals are not merely participants but rather passive recipients of benefits designed to elevate their quality of life and contribute to overall societal progress.
Section D
Question 28.
Describe any five types of ports in the world, on the basis of specialized functions.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Ports play a vital role in global trade and transportation, and they can be classified into various types based on their specialized functions. Firstly, oil ports are crucial for the processing and shipping of oil. Notable examples include Maracaibo in Venezuela, Esskhira in Tunisia, and refinery ports like Abadan in the Gulf of Persia. Secondly, ports of call are significant as they serve as stops for vessels for repairs, replenishment, or crew changes. Thirdly, commercial ports handle packaged products and manufactured goods, such as Leningrad Commercial Port. Comprehensive ports deal with both bulk and general cargo, exemplified by San Francisco, a major comprehensive port. Lastly, industrial ports specialize in handling bulk cargo like grains and chemicals. These classifications highlight the diverse roles that ports play in international commerce.
Question 29.
Describe any five bases of international trade in the world.
[5 Marks]
Answer: International trade is grounded on several key bases, which facilitate the exchange of goods and services globally. Five major bases include: 1) Comparative Advantage: Countries specialize in producing goods they can generate efficiently, allowing them to trade for products they do not produce as effectively. 2) Absolute Advantage: Some nations can produce certain goods more efficiently than others. 3) Demand and Supply: Differing levels of demand and supply across nations drive trade. 4) Resource Availability: The availability of resources such as raw materials, labor, and technology can shape trade patterns. 5) Globalization: The integration of global markets leads to expanded trade relationships. In essence, these factors highlight the mutual benefits that arise from international trade, contributing to economic growth and cooperation among nations.
Question 30.
Explain any five features of mixed farming in the world with examples.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Mixed farming is a sustainable agricultural practice that combines crop cultivation and livestock rearing, optimizing resource use. Firstly, it facilitates diversification; for instance, a farm growing wheat and rearing cattle can balance income sources. Secondly, it enhances soil fertility through crop rotation, as seen in regions like North-western Europe, where legumes may restore nitrogen levels. Thirdly, mixed farming is capital-intensive, with significant investments in machinery and animal care, exemplified by dairy farms in Austria. Fourthly, utilization of chemical fertilizers boosts productivity, essential for maintaining high yields of crops such as maize. Lastly, mixed farms often produce fodder crops, which are crucial for livestock, ensuring a consistent supply for herds, contributing to overall farm resilience.
Question 31.
Explain any five features of dairy farming in the world, with examples.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Dairy farming is a significant agricultural practice characterized by several distinctive features. Firstly, it is capital-intensive, requiring investments in infrastructure like animal sheds, fencing, and mechanization for milking and feeding. For instance, countries like Switzerland showcase advanced mechanization in their dairy operations. Secondly, dairy farming is labor-intensive, necessitating rigorous daily care for milch animals, especially in regions like New Zealand and Australia, where grass-fed dairy systems are prevalent. Thirdly, it employs advanced preservation techniques, such as refrigeration and pasteurization, enabling extended shelf lives for products like cheese and yogurt. The role of technology is also crucial, with innovations in cattle breeding and health care systems ensuring better milk yield and animal welfare. Lastly, dairy farming is usually located near urban areas, which provides a market for fresh dairy products. For example, North Western Europe and Canada have dense farming activities catering to nearby cities. This combination of technology, market proximity, and sustainable practices makes dairy farming a vital component of global agriculture.
Question 32.
Explain any five factors affecting the uneven distribution of population in India.
[5 Marks]
Answer: The uneven distribution of population in India is influenced by several factors. Firstly, physical factors such as climate play a crucial role; regions with favorable climates, like the North Indian Plains, attract larger populations compared to harsher terrains like the Himalayas. Secondly, the availability of water resources significantly affects settlement patterns; densely populated areas typically have easy access to rivers and lakes. Thirdly, socioeconomic factors, including industrialization and urbanization, lead to population concentration in cities offering employment. Fourthly, historical migration patterns, influenced by trade routes and colonialism, have also shaped population distribution. Lastly, social structures, including caste and community ties, can lead to clustered settlements in certain regions due to cultural preferences and historical contexts.
Question 33.
Explain the main characteristics of the Phase III (1951-81) of population growth in India.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Phase III (1951-1981) of population growth in India is marked by a notable population explosion primarily driven by a significant decline in the mortality rate coupled with persistently high fertility rates. During this period, India experienced an average annual growth rate of approximately 2.2 percent. Various factors played a role in this demographic trend, including poor health and medical facilities, widespread illiteracy, and an inefficient distribution system for basic necessities. As the country gained independence, initiatives for economic development and improved living conditions began, contributing to higher natural increases in population. However, the consequences of such population growth were complex, as while it showcased demographic advancement, it also presented challenges related to resources and infrastructure due to the rapid rise in population.
Question 34.
Analyze any five measures for establishing ecological balance in the Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area.
[5 Marks]
Answer: The Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area requires targeted interventions to restore ecological balance and promote sustainable development. Firstly, effective implementation of Command Area Development (CAD) programs is crucial. This includes lining water courses to minimize water loss during conveyance, which enhances efficiency in water usage. Secondly, land development and leveling practices should be adopted to improve agricultural productivity without harming the environment. Thirdly, a fair warabandi system must be established to ensure equitable distribution of canal water among farmers, preventing conflicts and over-extraction. Fourthly, reclamation of areas affected by waterlogging and soil salinity can help restore soil health and agricultural viability. Lastly, afforestation initiatives in and around the canal area can enhance biodiversity and protect against soil erosion, promoting a healthier ecosystem. These measures, if implemented effectively, can significantly improve the ecological sustainability of the region.
Question 35.
Analyze any five problems of Indian agriculture.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Indian agriculture faces numerous challenges that hinder its growth and development. Firstly, one of the major issues is the dependence on monsoon rains, which makes farmers vulnerable to droughts and floods. The variability in rainfall patterns affects crop yields significantly, leading to economic instability for farmers. Secondly, inadequate irrigation facilities limit agricultural productivity, especially in arid regions. Thirdly, land fragmentation often results in reduced efficiency and increased input costs. Fourthly, farmers are burdened with debts from loans and rising input costs, which contribute to rural poverty. Lastly, outdated farming practices and limited access to technology hinder the adoption of modern agricultural techniques that could enhance productivity. Addressing these issues is crucial for improving the agricultural sector in India.
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