geography/
previous-year-question-paper-2023-set-1

SOLUTIONS

2023 BOARD EXAM

CBSE CLASS 12-HUMANITIES GEOGRAPHY Board Paper 2023 — Set 1

2023

GEOGRAPHY

CLASS 12-HUMANITIES

CBSE EXAMINATION SOLVED PAPER-2023 GEOGRAPHY

CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER-2023

GEOGRAPHY

(Solved)

Time allowed : 3 hours

Maximum Marks : 58

General Instructions :

Read the following instructions carefully and follow them :

  1. This question paper contains 30 questions. All questions are compulsory.
  2. This question paper is divided into 4 sections.
  3. Section A – questions number 1 to 4 are case based questions
  4. Section B – questions number 5 to 19 are multiple choice questions
  5. Section C – questions number 20 to 25 are short answer
  6. Section D – questions number 26 to 30 are long answer
  7. There is no overall choice given in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
  8. Use of calculator is NOT allowed.

Section A

Question 1.

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:

When you fall ill you go to your family doctor or you call a doctor. Sometimes your parents take you to a hospital for treatment. While in school, you are taught by your teachers. In the event of any dispute, legal opinion is obtained from a lawyer. Likewise, there are many professionals who provide their services against payment of their fee. Thus, all types of services are special skills provided in exchange of payments. Health, education, law, governance and recreation etc. require professional skills. These services require other theoretical knowledge and practical training. Tertiary activities are related to the service sector. Manpower is an important component of the service sector as most of the tertiary activities are performed by skilled labour, professionally trained experts and consultants.

In the initial stages of economic development, larger proportion of people worked in the primary sector. In a developed economy, the majority of workers get employment in tertiary activity and a moderate proportion is employed in the secondary sector.

(1) Explain the main difference between secondary and tertiary activities.

[1 Marks]
Answer: The main difference between secondary and tertiary activities lies in their nature and the skills required. Secondary activities involve the transformation of raw materials into finished goods and are primarily linked to manufacturing processes, utilizing production techniques and machinery in factories. Examples include industries like textiles, car manufacturing, and construction. In contrast, tertiary activities pertain to the service sector, where the focus is on providing services rather than producing goods. These activities, such as healthcare, education, and legal services, rely heavily on specialized skills, knowledge, and experience. The output of tertiary activities is measured in terms of wages and services rendered, rather than manufactured goods. Thus, while secondary activities are centered around production, tertiary activities are centered around service provision.
Key Points: 1. Secondary activities involve manufacturing and production of goods. 2. Tertiary activities focus on providing services within the service sector. 3. Tertiary activities require specialized skills, knowledge, and experience, unlike secondary activities which rely on production techniques and machinery.

(2) Mention any two tertiary activities.

[1 Marks]
Answer: Two examples of tertiary activities are 'health care services' provided by doctors and 'education services' delivered by teachers. Both require specialized skills and professional training, illustrating the importance of skilled labor in the service sector.
Key Points: Health care services, Education services

(3) How have tertiary activities related both production and exchange?

[1 Marks]
Answer: Tertiary activities play a crucial role in both production and exchange within the service sector. In terms of production, tertiary activities involve the provision of various services that cater to the needs of individuals and businesses. For example, when you visit a doctor for health care, you are consuming a service that is essential for your well-being. This provision of services is indirectly measured through the wages and salaries earned by professionals involved. On the other hand, exchange in tertiary activities encompasses trade, transport, and communication, which facilitate the movement of goods, services, and information across distances. These sectors ensure the smooth functioning of the economy by providing necessary services that connect producers and consumers. Additionally, tertiary activities include roles such as lawyers, teachers, and handicraft experts, who aid in ensuring the production and exchange of skills and knowledge. Hence, tertiary activities are vital in supporting both the production of services and the exchange of goods and services, contributing significantly to the economy.
Key Points: Tertiary activities involve the provision of services; Production through services is measured in wages/salaries; Exchange includes trade, transport, and communication; Essential for connecting producers and consumers; Contributes to the economy.
Question 2. Study the given table carefully and answer the questions that follow: India Trends of Urbanisation 1901 - 2011.

(1) In which year was the decennial growth of urban population the highest in India?

[1 Marks]
Answer: The decennial growth of the urban population in India was the highest in the year 2001. According to the data, the urban population experienced a substantial increase during that decade, showcasing significant urbanisation trends influenced by factors such as economic development and improvements in health and hygiene. The rapid growth rate of urban areas during this period marked a significant shift in demographic patterns in the country.
Key Points: 2001-highest urban growth-influenced by economic development-improvements in health and hygiene

(2) How much was the total urban population in the year 2001?

[1 Marks]
Answer: In the year 2001, the total urban population of India was approximately 286 million. This reflects a significant increase in urbanization compared to earlier decades, influenced by factors such as rural to urban migration and the expansion of urban centers. The trends observed indicate a considerable growth rate in the urban population, attributed to overall economic development and improved living conditions.
Key Points: Total urban population in 2001 was approximately 286 million-Urbanization increased significantly due to migration and economic development-Comparatively low urban population percentage relative to developed countries

(3) How much was the total growth of number of towns between the years 1901 to 2011 in India?

[1 Marks]
Answer: The total growth of the number of towns in India between the years 1901 to 2011 is significant, reflecting the rapid urbanization trend seen in the country. According to the trends of urbanization, the urban population has increased eleven-fold during the twentieth century, contributing to the emergence of new towns and the enlargement of existing urban centers. The level of urbanization reached 31.16% by 2011, showing a dramatic increase from previous years. While specific figures for the absolute number of towns may vary, it is evident that the overall growth indicates the shift of populations from rural to urban areas, particularly since over 60% of urban growth has been attributed to this migration.
Key Points: Increase in total urban population—growth from rural areas—new towns emergence—enlargement of urban centers—rapid urbanization and economic development

(4)

Explain any three characteristics of urban settlements in India.

[3 Marks]
Answer: Urban settlements in India exhibit several important characteristics. Firstly, the level of urbanisation in India is still relatively low, standing at 31.16% in 2011 compared to developed countries, indicating a diverse urban landscape with a considerable proportion still engaged in rural activities. Secondly, urban growth has accelerated notably after 1961, with a significant driver being rural-to-urban migration, accounting for about 29% of the urban population increase. Finally, urban settlements are increasingly influenced by economic development, leading to improved health and hygienic conditions that attract people to cities. As a result, urban areas are often seen as hubs of economic activity, innovation, and better living conditions.
Key Points: Low level of urbanisation (31.16% in 2011) compared to developed nations; significant growth due to rural-to-urban migration (29%); urban areas as centers of economic development and improved living conditions.
Question 3.

On the given political outline map of the World, seven geographical features have been marked as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Identify any five with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them :

(1)

The largest country in Africa

[1 Marks]
Answer: The largest country in Africa is Algeria. It has a total area of approximately 2.38 million square kilometers, making it not only the largest country in Africa but also the 10th largest country in the world.
Key Points: Algeria - largest country in Africa - area of 2.38 million sq. km - located in North Africa

(2)

The westernmost station of the Australian Trans-Continental Railway

[1 Marks]
Answer: The westernmost station of the Australian Trans-Continental Railway is Perth. Located on the west coast of Australia, Perth serves as the starting point of this railway line that runs across the continent to Sydney.
Key Points: Perth-west coast of Australia-starting point of the Australian Trans-Continental Railway

(3)

The largest country in South America

[1 Marks]
Answer: The largest country in South America is Brazil. It occupies a significant portion of the continent, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the borders of South American countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, and others, showcasing its vast geographical area and diverse ecosystems.
Key Points: Brazil is the largest country in South America; encompasses diverse ecosystems; borders multiple countries; known for its Amazon rainforest.

(4)

An international airport

[1 Marks]
Answer: One significant international airport is 'Indira Gandhi International Airport' located in New Delhi, India. This airport serves as a major gateway for flights connecting India to various international destinations, making it one of the busiest airports in the country.
Key Points: 1. Name of the airport: Indira Gandhi International Airport 2. Location: New Delhi, India 3. Significance: Major gateway for international flights

(5)

An area of extensive commercial grain farming

[1 Marks]
Answer: One of the prominent areas of extensive commercial grain farming is the American Corn Belt, located in the Midwest region of the United States. This region is characterized by its flat terrain and fertile soil, making it ideal for growing crops like corn and soybeans. Additionally, parts of Canada and the Ukraine are also known for their extensive grain farming practices. These areas not only contribute significantly to the global food supply but also hold considerable economic and political importance due to their production capabilities.
Key Points: American Corn Belt - flat terrain - fertile soil - crops like corn and soybeans - significant global food supply - economic and political importance

(6)

Which is the largest country in Africa ?

[1 Marks]
Answer: The largest country in Africa is Algeria. It covers an area of approximately 2.38 million square kilometers, making it the largest country on the continent and the 10th largest in the world. Algeria is located in North Africa and is bordered by multiple countries including Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Morocco. It has a diverse geography including the Sahara Desert, coastal regions, and mountain ranges.
Key Points: Algeria-largest country in Africa-2.38 million square kilometers-North Africa-bordering countries

(7)

A shipping canal

[1 Marks]
Answer: The shipping canal marked on the map is the Suez Canal. This canal, completed in 1869, serves as a critical passage for maritime trade, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It allows ships to travel between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa, significantly reducing travel time and distance. Another important shipping canal is the Panama Canal, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Both canals facilitate international trade and are crucial for coastal shipping.
Key Points: Suez Canal-constructed in 1869-connects Mediterranean and Red Sea-Panama Canal-connects Atlantic and Pacific Oceans-facilitates trade-reduces maritime travel time

(8)

A major seaport

[1 Marks]
Answer: One of the major seaports in the world is the Port of Los Angeles, located on the West Coast of the United States. This port is renowned for its extensive cargo handling capabilities and serves as a vital gateway for international trade. Additionally, the Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands is another significant seaport, being one of the largest in Europe, known for its efficiency in handling general cargo and bulk goods. Other notable examples include the Port of Singapore, known for its strategic location and as a leading transshipment hub, and the Port of Hamburg in Germany, one of the oldest ports in the world, handling a large volume of container traffic.
Key Points: Port of Los Angeles - Port of Rotterdam - Port of Singapore - Port of Hamburg - Major trade gateways

(9)

Name the canal that connects Red Sea to Mediterranean Sea.

[1 Marks]
Answer: The canal that connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea is the Suez Canal. Constructed in 1869, it serves as a crucial waterway for international trade, significantly shortening the maritime route between Europe and Asia. Situated in Egypt, it allows shipping traffic to bypass the lengthy trip around the southern tip of Africa, enhancing global commerce.
Key Points: Suez Canal-Constructed in 1869-Located in Egypt-Connects Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea-Enhances global trade.

(10)

Name the canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean in the West.

[1 Marks]
Answer: The canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean in the West is the Panama Canal. This engineering marvel was constructed across the Panama Isthmus and significantly reduces travel time for ships between the east and west coasts of the Americas.
Key Points: Panama Canal-Connects Atlantic and Pacific Ocean-Constructed across Panama Isthmus-Reduces travel distance between coasts-Economic significance

(11)

Name an area of extensive commercial grain farming in Argentina.

[1 Marks]
Answer: One prominent area of extensive commercial grain farming in Argentina is the Pampas. This region is known for its fertile soil and favorable climate, making it ideal for large-scale agriculture, particularly grain production such as wheat and maize.
Key Points: Pampas-Fertile soil-Favorable climate-Large-scale agriculture-Grain production

(12)

Name a major airport of New Zealand.

[1 Marks]
Answer: A major airport in New Zealand is Auckland Airport, which is the largest and busiest airport in the country. It serves as a hub for both domestic and international flights and connects New Zealand to various key destinations worldwide.
Key Points: Auckland Airport - largest in New Zealand - connects to domestic/international destinations - major hub

(13)

Name any one major seaport in Japan.

[1 Marks]
Answer: One major seaport in Japan is Yokohama. It is recognized for its significant role in international shipping and trade.
Key Points: Yokohama is a major seaport-Important for international trade-Located near Tokyo

(14)

Name the largest country in South America.

[1 Marks]
Answer: The largest country in South America is Brazil. It occupies a significant portion of the continent, covering about 47.3% of South America's total area.
Key Points: Brazil is the largest country in South America- it covers 47.3% of the continent's area- known for diverse ecosystems including the Amazon rainforest
Question 4.

On the given political outline map of India, locate and label any five of the following seven geographical features with appropriate symbols :

(1)

Oil Refineries located in Uttar Pradesh

[1 Marks]
Answer: Uttar Pradesh, being one of the largest states in India, is home to several oil refineries. The key oil refineries located in Uttar Pradesh include the Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) refinery in Panipat and the Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) refinery in Bina. These refineries contribute significantly to the state's economy and energy production. For labeling on the political map, please mark these locations using a symbol such as a red droplet or an oil barrel icon for clarity.
Key Points: Key refineries include IOCL Panipat, BPCL Bina; significant for economy and energy; use a recognizable symbol for labeling.

(2)

The state with highest density of population

[1 Marks]
Answer: The state with the highest density of population in India is Uttar Pradesh. As per the latest population data, Uttar Pradesh has a substantial share of the country's population, making its density significantly higher compared to other states. This is influenced by various factors, including its historical significance, agricultural productivity, and urbanization, which attract a large number of people. Therefore, when marking the map of India, label Uttar Pradesh with an appropriate symbol to indicate its high population density.
Key Points: Uttar Pradesh has the highest density of population-Substantial share of India's population-Historical, agricultural, and urbanization factors influence population density

(3)

The easternmost city of India having more than 10 million population

[1 Marks]
Answer: The easternmost city of India with a population of over 10 million is Guwahati. It is located in the state of Assam and serves as a major urban center in the northeastern region of India. On the political outline map of India, Guwahati can be labeled appropriately using a star symbol.
Key Points: Guwahati is the largest city in Assam; located in northeastern India; it has a population exceeding 10 million; it serves as a significant cultural and economic hub in the region.

(4)

Coal mines located in Tamil Nadu

[1 Marks]
Answer: In Tamil Nadu, the significant coal mines are predominantly found in the coastal region, where lignite or brown coal resources occur. The two main areas with coal mining activities include Neyveli and Thoothukudi. On the political outline map of India, I would locate Neyveli by marking it with a black dot symbol and labeling it clearly. This region is known for its lignite extraction processes and has contributed to the energy sector significantly. Similarly, Thoothukudi can also be marked, thus showcasing major coal mining sites in Tamil Nadu.
Key Points: Neyveli and Thoothukudi as coal mining locations; mark with black dot; importance of lignite in energy sector

(5)

Name the state of India with highest density of population.

[1 Marks]
Answer: The state of India with the highest density of population is Uttar Pradesh. It has a significant population that contributes to its high density, as reflected in various demographic studies and maps of India. The state's population density is higher than that of any other state or Union Territory in the country, indicating a crowded living environment and high levels of urbanization in certain areas.
Key Points: Uttar Pradesh - highest density; significant population size; higher than all other states; reflects urbanization and crowded living conditions

(6)

In which place of Uttar Pradesh are oil refineries located ?

[1 Marks]
Answer: In Uttar Pradesh, oil refineries are primarily located in the cities of Mathura and Bareilly. The Mathura refinery, operated by Indian Oil Corporation, is one of the prominent refineries in India. Additionally, there is a small refinery in Bareilly which supports the regional energy needs.
Key Points: Mathura refinery - Indian Oil Corporation; Bareilly refinery; significant locations for oil processing in Uttar Pradesh

(7)

In what state are the Khetri copper mines located ?

[1 Marks]
Answer: The Khetri copper mines are located in the state of Rajasthan. These mines are one of the significant sources of copper in India, contributing to the country's mining industry and economic development. The region around Khetri is known for its rich mineral deposits, particularly copper, which has been historically important for both local employment and export.
Key Points: Khetri copper mines-Rajasthan-significant copper source-mining industry-economic contribution

(8)

In which state is Tuticorin seaport located ?

[1 Marks]
Answer: Tuticorin seaport, also known as V.O. Chidambaranar Port, is located in the state of Tamil Nadu. It serves as an important port facility on the southeastern coast of India and plays a crucial role in facilitating maritime trade and commerce in the region.
Key Points: Tuticorin Port location - Tamil Nadu; significance of port; relief to Chennai port

(9)

International Airport located in Punjab

[1 Marks]
Answer: The international airport located in Punjab is the Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport, situated in Amritsar. On the political outline map of India, it can be marked in the northwestern part of the state of Punjab, near the city of Amritsar. Using the symbol of an airplane, I would label this airport appropriately on the map.
Key Points: Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport-Amritsar-International airport-Punjab-symbol of airplane

(10)

Name the leading cotton producing state.

[1 Marks]
Answer: The leading cotton producing state in India is Gujarat. It is known for its significant contribution to the country's cotton production, along with Maharashtra and Telangana, due to favorable climatic conditions and extensive irrigation facilities.
Key Points: Gujarat is the leading cotton producer-India ranks second in the world in cotton production-Regions of cotton cultivation include Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu

(11)

Major seaport located in Odisha

[1 Marks]
Answer: The major seaport located in Odisha is Paradip Port. It is situated on the eastern coastline of India and plays a significant role in handling cargo and facilitating trade. Paradip Port is strategically important for its connectivity to the hinterland regions, especially in terms of iron-ore and other goods. It has developed facilities for bulk cargo handling, making it crucial for the economy of Odisha.
Key Points: Paradip Port-Location in Odisha-Importance for trade and economy-Connectivity to hinterland

(12)

In which place is the international airport of Punjab located ?

[1 Marks]
Answer: The international airport of Punjab is located in Amritsar, known as Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport. This airport is a key hub for international travel and connects Punjab to various countries. Amritsar is also significant for its cultural heritage, including the Golden Temple, which attracts many tourists from around the world.
Key Points: Amritsar- Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport- Key travel hub- Cultural significance

(13)

Name the easternmost city of India having more than 10 million population.

[1 Marks]
Answer: The easternmost city of India having a population of more than 10 million is Guwahati. It is located in the state of Assam and is known for its picturesque landscape and rich cultural heritage. Guwahati serves as a major gateway to the northeastern region of India and plays a crucial role in commerce and trade.
Key Points: Guwahati-easternmost city-population over 10 million-located in Assam-gateway to northeastern India

(14)

The leading cotton producing state

[1 Marks]
Answer: The leading cotton producing state in India is Gujarat. Gujarat is known for its significant cotton cultivation, contributing immensely to the country's overall cotton production. The state has favorable climatic conditions and soil types that support the growth of cotton. It is a major contributor to India's agriculture and economy, especially in the textile sector. The cotton from Gujarat is essential for both domestic use and export, making it a crucial area for cotton production.
Key Points: India ranks second in cotton production after China-cotton occupies 4.7% of total cropped area-Gujarat is a leading cotton producing state

Section B

Question 5.

Which one of the following factors is an economic factor affecting the distribution of population in the world?

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Soils
  • (B) Unrest
  • (C) Urbanization
  • (D) Availability of water
Explanation: The correct answer is 'Availability of water.' It is categorized as an economic factor because water is essential for various economic activities such as drinking, agriculture, industry, and navigation, which significantly influence where populations choose to live. Areas with ample water resources typically support higher population densities, as indicated in the provided context.
Question 6.

Which approach of 'human development' was proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) ?

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Welfare
  • (B) Capability
  • (C) Basic need
  • (D) Income
Explanation: The correct answer is 'Basic need' because the Basic Needs Approach was specifically proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), focusing on key necessities such as health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing.
Question 7.

Read the following statements regarding objectives of family planning and choose the correct option:

I. Control the birth rate

II. Spacing the birth of children

III Improving women's health.

IV. Reducing the death rate of children

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Only I, II and III are correct.
  • (B) Only II, III and IV are correct.
  • (C) Only I, III and IV are correct.
  • (D) Only I, II and IV are correct.
Explanation: The correct option is 'Only I, II and III are correct.' This is because family planning aims to control the birth rate (I), space the birth of children (II), and improve women's health (III). While reducing the death rate of children (IV) can be a related benefit of improved health services, it is not a direct objective of family planning itself.
Question 8. Fodder crops are an important component of which among the following types of agriculture?
[1 Marks]
  • (A) Mixed
  • (B) Collective
  • (C) Mediterranean
  • (D) Co-operative
Explanation: The correct answer is 'Mixed' agriculture, as the context states that fodder crops are an important component of mixed farming where both crop cultivation and animal husbandry are emphasized. This confirms that fodder crops play a significant role in mixed farming systems.
Question 9.

Which one of the following countries has the highest rank in Human Development Index?

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Australia
  • (B) Sweden
  • (C) Denmark
  • (D) Germany
Explanation: According to the provided context, Australia is ranked 5th in the Human Development Index among the listed countries, while Denmark is 6th, Sweden is 7th, and Germany is 9th. Therefore, Australia has the highest rank among the options provided.
Question 10.

Study the following statements and choose the correct option:

Statement I : With the digitisation of information, telecommunication slowly merged with computers. Statement II : It resulted in integrated networks termed as Internet.

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Statements I and II both are correct, Statement II is the correct result of Statement I.
  • (B) Only Statement II is correct.
  • (C) Statements I and II both are correct, Statement II is not the correct result of Statement I.
  • (D) Only Statement I is correct.
Explanation: Both statements are correct. Statement I highlights how digitisation led to the merging of telecommunication and computers, which is accurate. Statement II correctly states that this merging resulted in integrated networks known as the Internet. Therefore, the correct option is that both statements are correct.
Question 11. Which one of the following is related to push factor of migration?
[1 Marks]
  • (A) Natural disasters
  • (B) Pleasant climate
  • (C) Security of life and property
  • (D) Peace and stability
Explanation: The correct option is 'Natural disasters'. Push factors are conditions that make the place of origin less attractive, and natural disasters fall under this category as they can lead to poor living conditions and displacement. This is specifically mentioned in the context provided, which lists natural disasters as one of the reasons prompting migration.
Question 12.

Which one of the following states has the highest population growth rate during 2001 to 2011 decade?

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Nagaland
  • (B) Sikkim
  • (C) Manipur
  • (D) Mizoram
Explanation: Among the options provided, Nagaland is known to have a significant population growth rate during the 2001-2011 decade. The context mentions that Nagaland, along with Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Meghalaya, experienced a notable rise in growth rates, whereas many other states saw a decline compared to the previous decade. This indicates that Nagaland stands out as having the highest population growth rate among the listed states.
Question 13. Choose the correct option in order of number of people speaking modern Indian languages from maximum to minimum:
[1 Marks]
  • (A) Indo-European, Dravidian, Austric and Sino-Tibetan
  • (B) Indo-European, Austric, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan
  • (C) Dravidian, Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan and Austric
  • (D) Dravidian, Austric, Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan
Explanation: The correct option is 'Indo-European, Dravidian, Austric and Sino-Tibetan' as Indo-European languages have the highest percentage of speakers at 73%, followed by Dravidian at 20%, Austric at 1.38%, and Sino-Tibetan at 0.85%. This order reflects the descending population of speakers in the mentioned language families.
Question 14.

Read the case study given below and answer

Ramesh has been working in contract as a welder on a construction site in Talcher (coal region of Odisha) for the last two years. He moved with the contractor to various places like Surat, Mumbai, Gandhi Nagar, Bharuch, Jamnagar and so on. He remits 20,000 per year to his father in his native village. The remittances have been mainly used for daily consumption, healthcare, schooling of children, etc. Part of the money is also used in agriculture, purchasing of land and building of houses, etc. The standard of living of Ramesh's family improved significantly.

Fifteen years ago, the situation was not the same. The family was passing through very tough times. Three of his brothers and their families had to survive on three acres of land. The family was highly in debt. Ramesh had to discontinue his studies after ninth standard. He was further hard pressed when he got married.

Simultaneously, he was also impressed by some successful out-migrants of his village who had been working in Ludhiana and supporting their families in the village by sending money and some consumer goods. Thus, due to abject poverty in the family and perceived job promises at Ludhiana, he made a move to Punjab with his friend. He worked there in a woolen factory for six months at the rate of only 20 per day in 1988. Apart from the crisis of managing his personal expenditure from this meagre income, he was also facing difficulty in assimilation to the new culture and environment. Then he decided to change his place of work from Ludhiana to Surat under the guidance of his friend. He learnt the skills of welding in Surat and after that he has been moving to different places with the same contractor. Though the economic condition of Ramesh's family at the village improved, he is bearing the pain of separation of his near and dear ones. He cannot shift them with him, as the job is temporary and transferable.

Which one of the following is the demographic consequence of rural-urban migration?

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Pressure on infrastructure at the place of destination
  • (B) Imbalance in age and sex
  • (C) Intermixing of culture at the place of destination
  • (D) Shortage of labour at the place of origin
Explanation: The correct answer is 'Pressure on infrastructure at the place of destination.' This is due to the influx of people from rural areas to urban centers as a result of migration, leading to increased demand on housing, transportation, and other urban services. As Ramesh's moves illustrate, the rural-urban migration process not only improves the economic conditions of families but also places significant strain on urban infrastructure.
Question 15.

Read the case study given below and answer

Ramesh has been working in contract as a welder on a construction site in Talcher (coal region of Odisha) for the last two years. He moved with the contractor to various places like Surat, Mumbai, Gandhi Nagar, Bharuch, Jamnagar and so on. He remits 20,000 per year to his father in his native village. The remittances have been mainly used for daily consumption, healthcare, schooling of children, etc. Part of the money is also used in agriculture, purchasing of land and building of houses, etc. The standard of living of Ramesh's family improved significantly.

Fifteen years ago, the situation was not the same. The family was passing through very tough times. Three of his brothers and their families had to survive on three acres of land. The family was highly in debt. Ramesh had to discontinue his studies after ninth standard. He was further hard pressed when he got married.

Simultaneously, he was also impressed by some successful out-migrants of his village who had been working in Ludhiana and supporting their families in the village by sending money and some consumer goods. Thus, due to abject poverty in the family and perceived job promises at Ludhiana, he made a move to Punjab with his friend. He worked there in a woolen factory for six months at the rate of only 20 per day in 1988. Apart from the crisis of managing his personal expenditure from this meagre income, he was also facing difficulty in assimilation to the new culture and environment. Then he decided to change his place of work from Ludhiana to Surat under the guidance of his friend. He learnt the skills of welding in Surat and after that he has been moving to different places with the same contractor. Though the economic condition of Ramesh's family at the village improved, he is bearing the pain of separation of his near and dear ones. He cannot shift them with him, as the job is temporary and transferable.

The main cause of rural-urban migration in India?

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Health
  • (B) Education
  • (C) Employment
  • (D) Tourism
Explanation: The correct option is Employment. Ramesh's migration from a rural area to various urban locations was motivated by the search for better job opportunities and higher wages, which are often unavailable in rural settings. This is highlighted by Ramesh's need to support his family through remittances, showcasing how employment prospects drive migration.
Question 16.

Read the case study given below and answer

Ramesh has been working in contract as a welder on a construction site in Talcher (coal region of Odisha) for the last two years. He moved with the contractor to various places like Surat, Mumbai, Gandhi Nagar, Bharuch, Jamnagar and so on. He remits 20,000 per year to his father in his native village. The remittances have been mainly used for daily consumption, healthcare, schooling of children, etc. Part of the money is also used in agriculture, purchasing of land and building of houses, etc. The standard of living of Ramesh's family improved significantly.

Fifteen years ago, the situation was not the same. The family was passing through very tough times. Three of his brothers and their families had to survive on three acres of land. The family was highly in debt. Ramesh had to discontinue his studies after ninth standard. He was further hard pressed when he got married.

Simultaneously, he was also impressed by some successful out-migrants of his village who had been working in Ludhiana and supporting their families in the village by sending money and some consumer goods. Thus, due to abject poverty in the family and perceived job promises at Ludhiana, he made a move to Punjab with his friend. He worked there in a woolen factory for six months at the rate of only 20 per day in 1988. Apart from the crisis of managing his personal expenditure from this meagre income, he was also facing difficulty in assimilation to the new culture and environment. Then he decided to change his place of work from Ludhiana to Surat under the guidance of his friend. He learnt the skills of welding in Surat and after that he has been moving to different places with the same contractor. Though the economic condition of Ramesh's family at the village improved, he is bearing the pain of separation of his near and dear ones. He cannot shift them with him, as the job is temporary and transferable.

Which one of the following is the meaning of remittance?

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Loan taken by migrants
  • (B) Money spent by migrants
  • (C) Money sent by migrants
  • (D) Money earned by migrants
Explanation: The correct answer is 'Money sent by migrants' because remittances refer to the funds that Ramesh sends home to his family as financial support, which is explicitly mentioned in the context provided.
Question 17.

Which among the following is related to 'truck farming,?

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Grain production
  • (B) Fruits production
  • (C) Tea production
  • (D) Vegetables production
Explanation: The correct option is 'Vegetables production'. Truck farming specifically refers to the growing of vegetables around urban centers to meet local demand, as stated in the context provided. This aligns with the definition of truck farming, which focuses on vegetable cultivation.
Question 18.

Which among the following is the largest region of 'commercial dairy farming'?

[1 Marks]
  • (A) North Western Europe
  • (B) Canada region
  • (C) New Zealand region
  • (D) South Eastern Australia
Explanation: The correct answer is 'North Western Europe' as the context states that it is the largest region of commercial dairy farming, while Canada is the second largest and South Eastern Australia along with New Zealand is the third.
Question 19.

Read the given resources and choose the correct option related to 'community's resources':

I. Village water bodies

II. Village agriculture land

III. Village residential land

IV. Pasture land

[1 Marks]
  • (A) Only I and IV are correct.
  • (B) Only II and III are correct.
  • (C) Only III and IV are correct.
  • (D) Only I and II are correct.
Explanation: The correct answer is 'Only I and IV are correct.' Village water bodies (I) and pasture land (IV) are considered community resources, as they are often held by the community for collective use. Village agricultural land (II) may be privately owned, and residential land (III) typically belongs to individuals rather than being a shared community resource.

Section C

Question 20.

"Human being were able to develop technology after they developed better understanding of natural laws." Evaluate the statement in the context of naturalization of humans.

[3 Marks]
Answer: The statement underscores the crucial relationship between understanding natural laws and the advancement of technology. Human beings have gradually unraveled the complexities of nature, leading to the development of tools and techniques that facilitate interaction with their environment. The early recognition of principles such as friction and heat, for example, enabled the discovery of fire, a pivotal moment in human evolution. As societies evolved, their technological capabilities grew, reflecting their cultural development. This progression indicates that technology not only aids in survival but also liberates humans from environmental constraints. In essence, the better humans understand natural laws, the more sophisticated their technology becomes, thus allowing for greater freedom and creativity in shaping their surroundings.
Question 21.

"The imprints of human activities are created everywhere." Evaluate the statement in context of humanization of nature.

[3 Marks]
Answer: The statement accurately reflects the pervasive influence of human activities on the environment, leading to the development of cultural landscapes. From health resorts in highlands to urban sprawls, agriculture in plains, and ports along coasts, human imprinting is evident. This phenomenon, termed 'possibilism', illustrates how technological advancements have transitioned humanity from necessity to freedom, allowing for the creation of innovative solutions utilizing natural resources. Overall, the interaction between humans and nature highlights the mutual dependency and influence, creating a humanized environment where nature is shaped and used for various societal needs.
Question 22. Why is Phase III (1951-1981) of growth of population referred to as the period of population explosion in India? Explain by giving any three arguments.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Phase III of India's population growth, spanning 1951 to 1981, is termed the 'period of population explosion' due to a combination of factors. Firstly, there was a significant decline in mortality rates due to advancements in healthcare, leading to more people surviving into adulthood and older age. Secondly, the fertility rate remained high during this period, as cultural and social norms favored larger families. Lastly, inadequate access to education, especially health literacy, resulted in limited awareness about family planning methods. These interrelated factors caused a rapid increase in population, marking it as a unique demographic transition in India's history.
Question 23.

Describe the objective of 'National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) in the development of Indian agriculture.

[3 Marks]
Answer: The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) aims to enhance the productivity and sustainability of Indian agriculture by integrating location-specific farming systems. Its primary objective is to promote climate resilience and eco-friendly practices, ensuring that agricultural methods are not only productive but also remunerative. NMSA facilitates appropriate soil and moisture conservation measures, thereby improving water access and expanding cultivable land. Other initiatives include promoting organic farming through schemes like Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), ultimately contributing to rural prosperity and the development of allied sectors such as dairy and aquaculture.
Question 24.

Mention the main characteristics of the mineral belt of 'South-Western Plateau Region' of India.

[3 Marks]
Answer: The South-Western Plateau Region of India, encompassing parts of Karnataka, Goa, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, is characterized by a rich variety of minerals essential for industrial development. It is endowed with ferrous metals such as iron ore, and non-ferrous minerals like manganese, bauxite, and mica. This mineral wealth provides a strong base for the establishment of major industries, particularly iron and steel production, which is primarily located here due to the availability of raw materials, energy resources like coal, and adequate infrastructure. Furthermore, Goa is notable for its high-grade iron ore, while Kerala contributes with bauxite and thorium deposits, making this region vital for India's mineral economy.
Question 25.

Mention the main characteristics of mineral belt of 'North-Western Region' of India.

[3 Marks]
Answer: The North-Western Region of India, predominantly extending along the Aravali range in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat, is rich in various minerals. This belt is notably associated with the Dharwar system of rocks. Major minerals found here include copper and zinc, which are crucial for various industrial applications. Additionally, Rajasthan possesses significant reserves of building stones like sandstone, granite, and marble. The region is also known for gypsum and Fuller’s earth deposits, contributing to its mineral diversity.

Section D

Question 26. Analyse five main factors affecting location of industries in the world.
[5 Marks]
Answer: The location of industries is influenced by several critical factors aimed at minimizing production costs and maximizing profit. Firstly, access to market plays a pivotal role, as industries thrive where there is a demand for their goods. Secondly, the availability of a skilled labor supply is essential, particularly for certain manufacturing processes that require specialized skills. Thirdly, access to sources of energy is vital, ensuring that industries can operate efficiently and sustainably. Fourthly, the development of transportation infrastructure significantly affects industrial location by facilitating the movement of raw materials and finished goods, fostering regional specialization. Finally, government policies can either encourage or hinder industrial development through regulations, tax incentives, and support for infrastructure. These interconnected factors collectively guide the strategic location choices of industries worldwide.
Question 27. Analyse the classification of industries on the basis of raw materials into five heads.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Industries can be classified based on the raw materials they utilize into five distinct categories: agro-based, mineral-based, chemical-based, forest-based, and animal-based industries. Agro-based industries rely on agricultural products as their primary raw material, such as textiles and food processing. Mineral-based industries focus on extracting and processing minerals, including ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in construction and electronics. Chemical-based industries manufacture products through chemical processes, utilizing raw materials like petroleum. Forest-based industries derive their materials from forest resources, producing items such as paper and furniture. Lastly, animal-based industries rely on livestock and animal products, including dairy and leather production. This classification helps in understanding the nature of industries and their contribution to the economy.
Question 28.

"Pipelines are used extensively to transport liquids and gases in the world." Support the statement with appropriate arguments.

[5 Marks]
Answer: Pipelines are vital infrastructure for the efficient transportation of liquids and gases across vast distances. First and foremost, they ensure an uninterrupted flow of essential resources like water, petroleum, and natural gas, which are critical for daily life and industrial processes. For example, in New Zealand, pipelines are used to transport milk directly from farms to factories, showcasing their versatility. In the USA, a dense network of oil pipelines, such as the Big Inch, facilitates the movement of petroleum from Gulf of Mexico oil wells to the northeastern states. Additionally, pipelines can also transport other materials like liquidified coal and even water and air, which illustrates their broad utility. Furthermore, they are often more cost-effective and environmentally friendly compared to other transport modes such as trucks or trains, as they minimize traffic congestion and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This underscores the importance of pipelines in modern logistics and energy distribution.
Question 29.

Define the term 'international trade'. Describe two types of 'international trade' in the world.

[5 Marks]
Answer: International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries across international borders. It enables nations to obtain commodities they cannot produce efficiently or at all, and allows them to trade their surplus goods for those they require. There are two main types of international trade: First, bilateral trade involves two countries trading directly with each other, agreeing on specified commodities. This kind of trade fosters a mutually beneficial relationship. Second, multilateral trade involves three or more countries engaging in trade agreements, which can lead to increased market access and reduced tariffs among all participating nations. Multilateral trade can facilitate broader economic cooperation and integration, thus enhancing the global economy.
Question 30.

" Attaining sustainable development in the Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar)

Command area requires major thrust upon the measure to achieve ecological sustainablity," Evaluate the statement.

[5 Marks]
Answer: The Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) has faced significant ecological challenges over the past 40 years, leading to environmental degradation in its command area. To address these issues, sustainable development must focus on ecological sustainability as a priority. Key measures include soil conservation to prevent erosion, the use of appropriate irrigation techniques to minimize water depletion, and promoting crop diversity to enhance resilience. Furthermore, eco-development initiatives that involve conservation and regeneration of local ecosystems are essential in restoring ecological balance. Sustainable practices should also aim to engage local communities, ensuring that development aligns with environmental health. Only through such comprehensive measures can we achieve sustainable development that balances the needs of people and the environment in this critical region.

Paper Details

CBSE Board Exam 2023

Class

CLASS 12-HUMANITIES

Subject

GEOGRAPHY

Year

2023

Set

Set 1

Other Years — GEOGRAPHY

2022 Set-1

2022 Set-2

2022 Set-3

2022 Set-4

2022 Set-5

2023 Set-1

2023 Set-2

2023 Set-3

2023 Set-4

2023 Set-5

2024 Set-1

2024 Set-2

2024 Set-3

2024 Set-4

2024 Set-5

2025 Set-1

2025 Set-2

2025 Set-3

2025 Set-4

2025 Set-5

2025 Set-6