SOLUTIONS
2023 BOARD EXAM
CBSE CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE Board Paper 2023 — Set 3
2023
SOCIAL SCIENCE
CLASS 10
CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER-2023
SOCIAL SCIENCE
(Solved)
General Instructions :
Read the following instructions carefully and follow them :
- This question paper contains 42 questions. All questions are compulsory.
- This question paper is divided into 5 sections.
- Section A – questions number 1 to 4 are case based questions
- Section B – questions number 5 to 23 are multiple choice questions
- Section C – questions number 24 to 28 are very short answer
- Section D – questions number 29 to 34 are short answer
- Section E – questions number 35 to 42 are long answer
- There is no overall choice given in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
- Use of calculator is NOT allowed.
Section A
Question 1.
WHY NEWSPAPERS ?
‘Krishnaji Trimbuck Ranade inhabitant of Poona intends to publish a Newspaper in the Marathi Language with a view of affording useful information on every topic of local interest. It will be open for free discussion on subjects of general utility, scientific investigation and the speculations connected with the antiquities, statistics, curiosities, history and geography of the country and of the Deccan especially... the patronage and support of all interested in the diffusion of knowledge and Welfare of the People is earnestly solicited.’
Bombay Telegraph and Courier, 6 January, 1849
‘The task of the native newspapers and political associations is identical to the role of the Opposition in the House of Commons in Parliament in England. That is of critically examining government policy to suggest improvements, by removing those parts that will not be to the benefit of the people, and also by ensuring speedy implementation. These associations ought to carefully study the particular issues, gather diverse relevant information on the nation as well as on what are the possible and desirable improvements, and this will surely earn it considerable influence.’
Native Opinion, 3 April, 1870
(1) Explain the main reason of publishing newspaper by Krishnaji?
[1 Marks]
Answer: Krishnaji Trimbuck Ranade intended to publish a newspaper in the Marathi language to provide useful information on various topics of local interest. His aim was to spread knowledge about subjects like scientific investigation, history, geography, antiquities, and statistics, especially related to the Deccan region. The newspaper was meant to serve as a platform for free discussion on subjects beneficial to the people, helping in the diffusion of knowledge and welfare of society.
Key Points: Krishnaji Trimbuck Ranade-Poona resident-Marathi newspaper-purpose to provide useful local information-including scientific, historical and geographical topics-free discussion on general utility-aim to diffuse knowledge and welfare of people
(2) How was the task of native newspaper and political association seen identical to the role of opposition?
[1 Marks]
Answer: The task of native newspapers and political associations was seen as identical to the role of the Opposition in the House of Commons in England because they both played the role of critically examining government policies. Native newspapers and associations analyzed government actions, pointed out the parts that were not beneficial to the people, and suggested improvements. They also worked to ensure that good policies were implemented quickly. Their role was to represent the people's interests by scrutinizing government decisions and promoting reforms, just like the opposition in a parliamentary system.
Key Points: Native newspapers and political associations critically examined government policies-They suggested improvements for the welfare of the people-They pointed out parts not beneficial to people-They ensured speedy implementation of good policies-Their role was similar to the Parliamentary Opposition that acts as a check on the government
(3) Analyze the reasons of popularity of newspapers during 19th century.
[2 Marks]
Answer: Newspapers became popular during the 19th century because they provided valuable and useful information on topics of local interest, scientific discoveries, history, and geography. They served as platforms for free discussion, helping to spread knowledge and welfare among the people. Newspapers, especially those published in local languages like Marathi, connected with common people and addressed their concerns. Furthermore, newspapers and political associations played the important role of critically examining government policies, similar to the role of the Opposition in the British Parliament. They helped in suggesting improvements for the benefit of the people and encouraged swift implementation of reforms. These functions made newspapers essential for public awareness, education, and political participation, thus increasing their popularity.
Key Points: Provided useful information on local topics-Platform for free discussion and spreading knowledge-Newspapers published in local languages connected with common people-Critical examination of government policies-Suggested improvements for the welfare of people-Promoted political awareness and participation
Question 2.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi purpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally. In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture. ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
(1) Why is water harvesting system a viable alternative?
[1 Marks]
Answer: Water harvesting system is a viable alternative because it addresses the disadvantages and increasing resistance against large multipurpose water projects. It is beneficial both socio-economically and environmentally. In ancient India, people had extensive knowledge of rainfall patterns and soil types and created various techniques to collect rainwater, groundwater, river water, and floodwater according to local ecological conditions and water requirements. This system includes practices like diversion channels in mountainous areas, rooftop rainwater harvesting especially in Rajasthan, and inundation channels in flood plains. These methods help conserve water, reduce dependency on large dams, prevent water scarcity, and support agriculture, drinking water, and irrigation needs sustainably.
Key Points: Addresses disadvantages of multipurpose projects-Socio-economic and environmental benefits-Traditional knowledge of rainfall and soil-Varied techniques based on local ecology-Includes rooftop harvesting and diversion channels-Conserves water and supports agriculture and drinking water-Reduces water scarcity and environmental impact
(2) Describe the process of ‘rooftop rainwater harvesting.’
[1 Marks]
Answer: Rooftop rainwater harvesting is a traditional practice mainly found in Rajasthan where rainwater falling on the sloping roofs of houses is collected and stored for future use. The process involves directing rainwater from the roof through pipes into an underground storage tank called a 'tanka,' which can be built in the main house or the courtyard. This system helps store clean drinking water and makes use of natural rainfall effectively. It is an environmentally friendly method to conserve water, particularly in areas with scarce water resources.
Key Points: Rainwater collection from sloping roofs-Piping water into underground storage tanks called 'tanka'-Storage of rainwater for future use-Common practice in Rajasthan-Helps in storing clean drinking water-Environmentally sustainable and conserves water resources
(3) Mention any two methods adopted by ancient India for water conservation.
[2 Marks]
Answer: In ancient India, two important methods adopted for water conservation were rooftop rainwater harvesting and the construction of diversion channels such as 'guls' or 'kuls' in the Western Himalayas. Rooftop rainwater harvesting involved collecting rainwater from the roofs to store drinking water, a practice commonly followed in Rajasthan. Diversion channels helped to redirect water for agricultural purposes in hill and mountainous regions.
Key Points: Rooftop rainwater harvesting-Diversion channels like guls or kuls-Used for storing drinking water and irrigation-Adapted to local ecological conditions
Question 3.
Language Diversity of India
How many languages do we have in India? The answer depends on how one counts it. The latest information that we have is from the Census of India held in 2011. This census recorded more than 1300 distinct languages which people mentioned as their mother tongues. These languages were grouped together under some major languages. For example languages like Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Bundelkhandi, Chhattisgarhi, Rajasthani and many others were grouped together under ‘Hindi’. Even after this grouping, the Census found 121 major languages. Of these 22 languages are now included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and are therefore called ‘Scheduled Languages’. Others are called ‘Non-Scheduled Languages’. In terms of languages, India is perhaps the most diverse country in the world.
(1) Explain the importance of language diversity in India.
[1 Marks]
Answer: India is known for its rich language diversity with more than 1300 distinct mother tongues recorded in the 2011 Census. This diversity reflects the country's cultural richness and historical depth. Language diversity is important because it preserves the unique traditions, customs, and identities of various communities. It promotes mutual respect among different groups and strengthens national unity by celebrating differences. Furthermore, the Indian Constitution recognizes 22 Scheduled Languages to protect and promote linguistic variety. This diversity also encourages cultural exchange and understanding among people from various regions, making India a vibrant and pluralistic society.
Key Points: India has over 1300 mother tongues grouped into major languages-22 Scheduled Languages recognized by the Constitution-Language diversity reflects cultural richness and traditions-It fosters mutual respect and unity among different communities-Diversity enriches Indian society and promotes cultural exchange
(2) ‘The fusion of languages has united the country into one cultural entity.’ Explain the statement with an example.
[2 Marks]
Answer: India is a country with remarkable linguistic diversity, having more than 1300 distinct languages as recorded in the 2011 Census. Despite this diversity, many languages are grouped under broader language categories like Hindi, which includes Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Rajasthani and others. This fusion of various languages under common linguistic identities has helped unite the country into one cultural entity by promoting communication and understanding across different regions. For example, Hindi, as the official language, is spoken and understood by a large portion of the population, helping integrate people from various parts of the country. Moreover, the recognition of 22 Scheduled Languages in the Indian Constitution protects linguistic diversity while fostering national unity. Thus, the blending of languages does not erase differences but strengthens India’s unity by celebrating diversity and creating a shared cultural bond among its people.
Key Points: India has over 1300 languages grouped into major languages-Hindi includes many dialects-linguistic fusion promotes unity-Hindi as official language spoken by many-22 Scheduled Languages protect diversity-Fusion leads to cultural unity while respecting differences
(3) Differentiate between Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Languages.
[1 Marks]
Answer: Scheduled Languages are those languages that are included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. There are 22 such languages officially recognized by the Constitution. These languages enjoy certain privileges such as use in government administration, education, and official proceedings. Non-Scheduled Languages are those languages which are not a part of the Eighth Schedule. Even though they are spoken by many people across India, they do not have the same official status and recognition as Scheduled Languages. India recorded more than 1300 distinct mother tongues, which were grouped into 121 major languages including both Scheduled and Non-Scheduled languages.
Key Points: Scheduled Languages are included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution - There are 22 Scheduled Languages - Scheduled Languages have official recognition and privileges in administration and education - Non-Scheduled Languages are not part of the Eighth Schedule - Non-Scheduled Languages do not have the same official status - India has more than 1300 mother tongues grouped into 121 major languages
Question 4.
Two places A and B have been marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify them with the help of given information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
(1) The place where Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagraha for Indigo peasants.
[1 Marks]
Answer: The place where Mahatma Gandhi started the Satyagraha for Indigo peasants is Champaran in Bihar. In 1917, Gandhi organised the movement to help the peasants who were being forced by British planters to grow indigo under oppressive conditions. This marked one of the first successful applications of his method of non-violent protest called Satyagraha in India.
Key Points: Champaran-Bihar-1917-Indigo peasants-Satyagraha-non-violent protest-Mahatma Gandhi-organised struggle-irrigation and plantation hardships-British oppression.
(2) The place where the session of Indian National Congress held in December, 1920.
Answer: The session of the Indian National Congress held in December 1920 was held in Nagpur. This session was important because it marked the adoption of the Non-Cooperation Movement against British rule, encouraging Indians to boycott British goods and institutions.
Key Points: Indian National Congress session December 1920 - held in Nagpur - adoption of Non-Cooperation Movement - significant event in Indian freedom struggle
(3) On the same outline map of India locate and label any three of the following with suitable symbols : (a) Tehri Dam (b) Naraura Atomic Power Station (c) Pune Software Technology Park (d) Haldia Sea Port
Answer: On the outline map of India, mark and label the following three places with appropriate symbols:
1. Tehri Dam: Located in Uttarakhand on the Bhagirathi River. Mark it with a dam symbol.
2. Naraura Atomic Power Station: Located in Uttar Pradesh, near the town of Naraura. Mark it with a nuclear power plant symbol.
3. Pune Software Technology Park: Located in Pune, Maharashtra, an important IT hub. Mark it with a technology/IT symbol.
Alternatively, you may choose Haldia Sea Port in West Bengal: mark it with a port symbol on the eastern coast.
Key Points: Locate Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand and identify it as a hydroelectric power project-Mark with dam symbol-Locate Naraura Atomic Power Station in Uttar Pradesh-Mark with nuclear power plant symbol-Locate Pune Software Technology Park in Maharashtra-Mark with IT/technology symbol-Locate Haldia Sea Port in West Bengal-Mark with port symbol-Use suitable symbols that correctly represent dams, nuclear power plants, IT parks, and sea ports-Ensure correct geographical placement on the outline map
(4) The following questions are only for the Visually Impaired Candidates:; ATTEMPT ANY FIVE : (i) Name the place where the session of Indian National Congress was held in December, 1920. (ii) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagraha for Indigo peasants. (iii) Name the State where Naraura Nuclear Plant is located. (iv) Name the State where Tehri Dam is located. (v) Name the State where Mumbai Software Technology Park is located. (vi) Name the State where Haldia Sea Port is located.
Answer: (i) The session of Indian National Congress in December 1920 was held at Nagpur.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagraha for Indigo peasants at Champaran in Bihar.
(iii) The Naraura Nuclear Plant is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
(iv) Tehri Dam is located in the state of Uttarakhand.
(v) Mumbai Software Technology Park is located in the state of Maharashtra.
(vi) Haldia Sea Port is located in the state of West Bengal.
Key Points: Name the place where December 1920 INC session was held (Nagpur)-Identify Gandhi's Indigo Satyagraha location (Champaran, Bihar)-State of Naraura Nuclear Plant (Uttar Pradesh)-State of Tehri Dam (Uttarakhand)-State of Mumbai Software Technology Park (Maharashtra)-State of Haldia Sea Port (West Bengal)
Section B
Question 5.
Which one of the following aspects was common among the writings of Kailashbashini Debi, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct answer is 'Highlighted the experiences of women.' As per the context, Kailashbashini Debi wrote about the experiences of women being imprisoned at home, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly. Similarly, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote passionately about the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows, highlighting their suffering and social issues. Therefore, the common aspect among their writings was that they highlighted the experiences of women.
Question 6.
[1 Marks]
There were three important developments that greatly shrank the pre-modern world. Identify the incorrect one from the following options:
Explanation: The incorrect option is 'The flow of technology'. According to the provided context on international economic exchanges in the nineteenth century, the three key flows that transformed the world were trade, labour, and capital. Technology flow was not mentioned as one of the three important developments that shrank the pre-modern world in this context.
Question 7.
Who among the following improved the steam engine?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct answer is James Watt. According to the given context, James Watt improved the steam engine originally produced by Newcomen and patented his improved engine in 1781. His invention was significant in the development and use of steam engines during the industrial period.
Question 8.
Which one of the following is an example of the Ferrous Metal?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: Nickel is a ferrous metal because it contains iron, as ferrous metals are defined as metals containing iron. The context states that ferrous minerals include iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc. Therefore, among the options, Nickel is the correct example of a ferrous metal. Copper, Bauxite, and Tin are non-ferrous metals.
Question 9.
[1 Marks]
Match the column - 1 with column - 2 and choose the correct option: Column - 1 (Resources): (I) Biological, (II) Renewable, (III) Non-renewable; Column - 2 (Example): 1. Coal, 2. Wildlife, 3. Solar Energy
Explanation: The correct matching is I-2, II-3, III-1. Biological resources are living resources, so Wildlife corresponds to Biological. Renewable resources are those that can be replenished naturally, like Solar Energy. Non-renewable resources are finite and cannot be replenished within a short period, such as Coal.
Question 10.
Which of the following is correctly matched?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct match is 'Alluvial Soil - Consist of sand and silt'. Alluvial soils are made up of fine particles such as sand and silt deposited by rivers. The other options are incorrect because Black Soil is not characterized by high salt content, Arid Soil is saline but the statement about diffusion of iron in crystalline is incorrect, and Laterite Soil is formed by intense leaching under tropical climates, not made up of lava flows.
Question 11.
Which of the following countries has better rank in Human Development Index?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: Based on the context, among Afghanistan, Myanmar, India, and Nepal, India has a higher Human Development Index (HDI) rank compared to Afghanistan and Myanmar. However, Nepal is mentioned to have better life expectancy than India, indicating some human development indicators are better there, but overall India generally has better HDI rank than Nepal and the other listed countries. Afghanistan generally has the lowest HDI due to ongoing conflict and poverty, and Myanmar's development is also lower compared to India and Nepal. Therefore, India has the better rank in HDI among the given options.
Question 12.
Which one of the following sectors contribute highest in the GDP of India?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct answer is the Tertiary sector. According to the provided context, over the forty years between 1973-74 and 2013-14, production in all three sectors increased, but the increase was the most significant in the tertiary sector. By 2013-14, the tertiary sector had become the largest producing sector in India, replacing the primary sector. This sector includes services such as hospitals, educational institutions, transportation, and other support activities that contribute significantly to the GDP.
Question 13.
Why did the Indian government liberalize trade regulations in 1991?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The Indian government liberalized trade regulations in 1991 because it wanted Indian producers to compete with producers around the world. The government believed that competition would improve the performance and quality of domestic producers. This decision was supported by powerful international organizations that advocated for free trade and removal of barriers, enabling easier import and export as well as foreign investment.
Question 14.
[1 Marks]
Read the following statements about Human Development and choose the correct option:
(I) It is the composite Index prepared by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
(II) Parameters to measure it are Longevity, Literacy and Per Capita Income.
(III) Countries are ranked according to Developed and Low Developing countries.
(IV) World Bank also prepares report of Human Development on the basis of Quality of Life.
Explanation: The correct statements are (I) and (II). The Human Development Index (HDI) is indeed a composite index prepared by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It measures human development based on parameters like Longevity (life expectancy), Literacy (education), and Per Capita Income. Statement (III) is incorrect because countries are ranked by HDI values rather than simply dividing them into Developed and Low Developing countries. Statement (IV) is incorrect because the World Bank does not prepare the Human Development Report; it is prepared by the UNDP.
Question 15.
[1 Marks]
Read the following data and answer the question that follow:
How much is the Net Absence Ratio of Haryana? Choose the appropriate option from the following:
Explanation: The Net Attendance Ratio of Haryana is given as 82% in the provided data. The Net Absence Ratio is the complement of the Net Attendance Ratio, calculated as 100% - 82% = 18%. Therefore, the correct option is 18.
Question 16.
Which one of the following is a developmental goal of the factory workers?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct answer is 'Better wages'. The context explains that workers, especially in poorer countries like India, were paid lower wages and worked longer hours to cut company costs and increase profits. A key developmental goal for factory workers would be to improve their income, i.e., get better wages, as this directly benefits their living conditions. Options like 'Better technology' and 'More hours of work' do not align with workers' goals because better technology tends to be accepted slowly by industrialists and more work hours without proper compensation is not a desired goal. 'More labour work' is not a developmental goal since workers seek better conditions, not more work.
Question 17.
Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct pair is 'Primary Sector - Flower Cultivator' because the primary sector includes activities such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining, and quarrying, which involve the extraction and collection of natural resources. Flower cultivation is an agricultural activity, hence it belongs to the primary sector. The secondary sector involves manufacturing and processing, so 'Secondary Sector - Milk Vendor' is incorrect as selling milk is a trade activity, part of the tertiary sector. Manufacturing sector is part of the secondary sector, but a gardener's work is agriculture (primary sector). The tertiary sector involves services such as trade, transport, communication, banking, etc., so a fisherman falls under the primary sector, not tertiary.
Question 18.
[1 Marks]
Consider the following statements on Power Sharing and choose the correct option:
(I) Majoritarianism is the real spirit of democracy.
(II) It creates balance and harmony in different groups.
(III) It reduces the possibility of conflict among social groups.
(IV) Power sharing is the essence of democracy.
Explanation: The correct option is 'I, III and IV'. Power sharing is the essence (spirit) of democracy, as it involves sharing power among different groups and citizens, allowing participation and consultation in governance. This sharing of power helps reduce the possibility of conflict among social groups by giving all groups a stake in the political process. Majoritarianism, on the other hand, is not the real spirit of democracy, as it can lead to domination by the majority and marginalization of minorities, which contradicts the idea of power sharing and harmony.
Question 19.
[1 Marks]
Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Assertion (A): Sri Lanka adopted ‘Tamil’ as the official language of the State.
Reason (R): The Govt. of Sri Lanka adopted a series of majoritarian measures.
Explanation: The assertion is false because Sri Lanka adopted Sinhala, not Tamil, as the official language of the State. The reason is true as the government of Sri Lanka adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish dominance of the Sinhala-speaking majority. Therefore, (A) is false but (R) is true.
Question 20.
[1 Marks]
Match column − A with column − B and choose the correct option:
Explanation: The correct matching option is I-4, II-3, III-1, IV-2 because it aligns the common names of the amines in column A with their corresponding IUPAC names in column B. According to the context, the common name column lists the widely used traditional names, while the IUPAC name column lists the systematic names based on IUPAC nomenclature rules. The match I-4, II-3, III-1, IV-2 correctly pairs these names for each item.
Question 21.
[1 Marks]
Identify the administrative level of Indian Government with the help of the information given:
Explanation: The correct option is 'Unitary Federal System'. This is because India functions at three levels of government: Centre (national), State, and Local. This tiered structure with powers divided among these levels represents a federal system. Additionally, the presence of a strong central government is characteristic of the Indian federal system, often described as 'quasi-federal' or a unitary federal system. Hence, the Indian government is best described as operating under a Unitary Federal System rather than a dictatorial, imperialistic, or purely decentralized system.
Question 22.
Which one of the following countries has two party system?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct answer is America (United States of America) because, as per the given context, the United States is an example of a two-party system where two major political parties have the chance of winning the majority of seats to form the government. Other countries mentioned have different party systems: India has a multiparty system, China has a one-party system, and Russia does not have a strict two-party system.
Question 23.
Which type of government is likely to be more acceptable to the people in the world?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct answer is Democratic. Democracy is considered more acceptable because it is a legitimate government by the people, for the people. Although it may be slower or less efficient, it ensures that people have a say in governance, leading to overwhelming support worldwide. Alternatives like military, dictatorship, or theocratic governments lack this legitimacy and widespread acceptance.
Section C
Question 24.
Explain any two methods that were used by the Europeans for the recruitment of the indentured labours.
[2 Marks]
Answer: Europeans used various methods to recruit indentured labourers for plantations and other work. Firstly, agents were employed to hire labourers, often paying them a small commission. These agents recruited migrants by promising jobs and a return journey after five years, but migrants were sometimes not told the full details, including the long sea voyage. Secondly, coercion was used; agents sometimes forcibly abducted unwilling migrants. This system was harsh, and many labourers faced difficult working and living conditions upon arrival.
Question 25.
How did the ‘small pox’ prove as the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors in the mid-sixteenth century? Explain.
[2 Marks]
Answer: Smallpox was the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors because it caused widespread death among America’s original inhabitants. These people had lived in isolation for centuries and had no immunity to European diseases like smallpox. When smallpox was introduced, it spread rapidly and killed entire communities even before the Spaniards reached them. This weakening of the native population made the land easier for the Spanish to conquer. Unlike guns, smallpox was an uncontrollable and devastating force that helped the Spanish take over vast territories with less resistance.
Question 26.
“Agriculture and industry move hand in hand.” Support the statement with examples.
[2 Marks]
Answer: Agriculture and industry are closely linked and support each other’s growth. Agriculture provides raw materials such as cotton, sugarcane, and jute to industries for manufacturing textiles, sugar, and bags. On the other hand, industries manufacture fertilizers, machinery, and irrigation pumps which help increase agricultural productivity. Agro-based industries like food processing and cotton textile units boost farmers' income and improve rural economy. Thus, agriculture supplies raw materials to industries while industries provide tools and products that enhance agricultural production, showing how they move hand in hand.
Question 27.
“Different persons can have different developmental goals.” Support the statement with an example.
[2 Marks]
Answer: Different persons have varied developmental goals because they have different needs and aspirations. For example, a daily wage laborer may prioritize more days of work and better wages to support his family, while a local villager may desire quality education for their children through a good local school. Another person may want social equality so they can become leaders in their community. Thus, development means different things to different people based on what they value most.
Question 28.
“Women face discrimination in various ways in our society.” Explain any two ways.
[2 Marks]
Answer: Women face discrimination in several ways in our society. First, they often have less access to education compared to men, which limits their opportunities for personal and professional growth. Second, women are subjected to unequal treatment in the workplace, including lower wages and fewer chances for promotion. These forms of discrimination are rooted in our male-dominated, patriarchal society, but efforts through laws and government schemes are ongoing to promote equality.
Section D
Question 29.
“Ideas of national unity in the early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.” Examine the statement.
[3 Marks]
Answer: In early nineteenth-century Europe, the ideas of national unity were deeply connected with liberalism. Liberalism, originating from the Latin word 'liber' meaning free, emphasized freedom for the individual and equality before the law, which were ideals cherished by the new middle classes. These people sought constitutional governments, political representation, and individual rights. At this time, national unity was not merely about forming a single nation-state but was also about people with common languages and culture coming together to demand such freedoms. In places like Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, liberal middle-class men and women combined the goal of national unification with constitutionalism. However, after 1848, nationalism started shifting away from liberal ideas and became a tool for conservative powers aiming at state control and political dominance, as seen in the unification of Germany and Italy under conservative leadership. Despite this, during the early nineteenth century, liberal nationalism motivated revolutions and demands for political rights, equality, and government accountability in different European regions. This shows how national unity and liberal ideology were intimately tied during the period as people sought freedom and self-rule based on common identity and rights.
Question 30.
Explain any three institutional reforms taken for the development of Indian agriculture.
[3 Marks]
Answer: After Independence, India focused on institutional reforms to develop its agriculture sector. Three important reforms include: First, land reforms such as the abolition of zamindari system and consolidation of fragmented land holdings helped in improving land ownership and utilization. Second, the establishment of cooperative societies and Grameen banks provided farmers with easier access to credit at lower interest rates, which was crucial for buying seeds, fertilizers, and other agricultural inputs. Third, provision of crop insurance protected farmers against losses from natural calamities like drought, flood, and disease, thereby reducing their risk and encouraging investment in farming. These reforms collectively aimed to increase agricultural productivity and improve farmers’ livelihoods across the country.
Question 31.
How is information technology connected with globalization? Explain.
[1.5 Marks]
Answer: Information technology (IT) plays a vital role in globalization by enabling faster and efficient communication and exchange of information across the world. Innovations in telecommunications, computers, and the Internet have connected people and businesses globally, breaking barriers of distance and time. IT allows multinational companies to coordinate production, marketing, and services in different countries effectively. For example, a magazine published for London readers can be designed and printed in Delhi, with text and design instructions sent instantly over the Internet. This rapid flow of information has increased foreign trade and investment, contributing to the growth of a global economy. Overall, IT is one of the main factors facilitating globalization by making international collaboration easier, reducing costs, and speeding up delivery of goods and services.
Question 32.
Analyze the need of Political Parties in the Democracy.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Political parties are essential in a democracy as they bring structure and organization to the electoral process and government functioning. They represent diverse groups and ideas, allowing citizens to choose leaders and policies that align with their interests. Parties help in forming the government and providing opposition, ensuring accountability. They promote political participation by educating voters and aggregating public opinion. Without political parties, democracy would lack coherence, making it difficult to form governments or implement policies effectively. Hence, political parties are a necessary institution for the smooth working of democracies like India.
Question 33.
Why is ‘Tertiary Sector’ becoming important in India? Explain.
[3 Marks]
Answer: The tertiary sector, also known as the service sector, is becoming increasingly important in India due to several reasons. This sector includes services like education, healthcare, banking, transportation, communication, and personal services such as barbers, lawyers, and administrative work. Over the years, production in all three sectors – primary, secondary, and tertiary – has increased, but the growth has been highest in the tertiary sector. By 2013-14, the tertiary sector surpassed the primary sector as the largest producing sector in India. One major reason for this shift is the growing demand for services essential in daily life and economic development, such as schools, hospitals, and communication systems. Additionally, a significant number of people in India are now employed in the service sector, reflecting a pattern similar to developed countries. The increase in technology and globalization has further boosted services like IT and banking. Therefore, the rising importance of the tertiary sector is contributing greatly to India’s economy and employment.
Question 34.
Why is there a need to protect workers in the Unorganized Sector? Explain.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Workers in the unorganized sector need protection because they face irregular, low-paid work without any social security or legal benefits. Unlike the organized sector, where workers have job security and benefits, unorganized sector workers often face exploitation, poor working conditions, and social discrimination. Many of these workers are vulnerable groups such as landless labourers, small farmers, and artisans. As organized sector jobs decrease, many displaced workers shift to the unorganized sector, increasing their economic insecurity. Protecting these workers is essential for social justice and overall economic development.
Section E
Question 35.
Examine the progress of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the countryside.
[5 Marks]
Answer: The Civil Disobedience Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, witnessed significant progress in the countryside and galvanized various social groups to participate actively. Villagers took part in refusing to pay taxes, boycotting foreign goods, and producing their own salt, especially after the symbolic Dandi March. The movement spread rapidly to rural areas despite harsh repression by imperial forces. Farmers protested against the high land revenue and taxes, and peasants in several regions stopped cultivating their lands under British landlords. Women played a crucial role by joining salt satyagraha and other protests, which marked a new phase of mass participation. The movement also saw people breaking colonial laws, picketing foreign cloth, and disrupting British administration. Although the government responded with brutal violence and arrests, the widespread participation in villages demonstrated the true strength of the movement. The movement not only challenged British authority but also united people from different castes and communities in rural India, making it a truly mass-based movement in the countryside. The progress of the movement in villages reflected the growing national awakening and determination to attain independence.
Question 36.
Analyze the ways through which people of different communities developed a sense of collective belonging in India.
[5 Marks]
Answer: The sense of collective belonging among different communities in India developed through various interconnected ways. First, the experience of united struggles against colonial rule played a major role. People from different regions, languages, religions, and social backgrounds came together, realizing that their fight against British colonialism required unity. This political struggle helped them see themselves as part of a common nation. Additionally, cultural processes also contributed greatly. History, folklore, songs, popular prints, and symbols helped evoke a shared identity, transcending communal and regional differences. These cultural elements captured people's imagination and promoted a sense of unity. Furthermore, the emergence of nationalism made people question the meaning and ownership of India, leading to the understanding that India belonged to all its people, regardless of caste, creed, religion, or language. Thus, nationalism became an inclusive force, fostering collective belonging and social harmony. Examples such as communities coming together to celebrate constitutional values and promote social harmony further underline this sense of unity amidst diversity. In conclusion, collective belonging in India grew out of shared political struggles, cultural expressions, and an inclusive understanding of nationhood that embraced all citizens.
Question 37.
How is pipeline transport network important in the transport system of India? Explain with an example.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Pipeline transport network is a relatively new but vital component of India's transportation system. Initially used for water supply to cities and industries, pipelines now play a crucial role in transporting crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas from extraction points to refineries, fertilizer factories, and thermal power plants. This mode of transport is efficient, safe, and economical over long distances, especially for liquid and gaseous products. It reduces the dependency on road and rail transport for these materials, lowering traffic congestion and minimizing environmental risks associated with fuel transport. For example, the Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) gas pipeline is one of the longest in India, transporting natural gas across several states, supporting industries and power plants. The use of pipelines thus integrates production and consumption centers, contributes to energy security, and promotes industrial development. Compared to other transport modes, pipelines operate 24/7 with minimal maintenance and are less affected by weather conditions, making them reliable. In summary, pipeline transport enhances India's infrastructure by providing a safe, efficient, and continuous flow of essential liquid and gas products, contributing significantly to the country's economic and industrial growth.
Question 38.
How have physical and economic factors influenced the distribution pattern of the Indian Railway Network? Explain with examples.
[5 Marks]
Answer: The distribution pattern of the Indian Railway Network has been significantly influenced by physical and economic factors. Physically, the vast northern plains, characterized by flat terrain and fertile land, have favored the construction of extensive railway lines. These plains support high population density and rich agricultural activities, creating high demand for connectivity. On the other hand, mountainous regions like the Himalayas present challenges such as difficult terrain and the need for constructing tunnels and bridges, limiting the railway network there. Economically, areas with industrial development and trade activities have better railway connectivity to facilitate transportation of goods and passengers. For example, cities in the industrial belt like Mumbai, Kolkata, and Delhi have dense railway networks connecting them to other parts of the country. The railways also connect major ports to the hinterland to enable efficient movement of freight. Moreover, administrative decisions and historical factors, such as the initial railway development during British rule, influenced the pattern. The first railway line was established between Mumbai and Thane in 1853, focusing on commercial hubs. Hence, physical features like plains and rivers, coupled with economic hubs and administrative policies, together shaped the railway network’s distribution across India.
Question 39.
“Democracy stands much superior to any other forms of governments in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.” Support the statement with arguments.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Democracy is considered superior to other forms of government in promoting dignity and freedom because it is based on political equality. In a democracy, every individual, whether rich or poor, educated or not, has the same status and equal rights. People are not subjects ruled by a monarch or dictator; instead, they are the rulers themselves through their elected representatives. This recognition and respect for each individual's worth enhance their dignity, as they feel valued and respected in society. Unlike other governments, democracy provides legitimacy since it is the people’s own government. Although democracy might sometimes be slow or less efficient, it ensures that power is exercised with the consent of the governed, preserving individual freedoms. Furthermore, democracy allows freedom of speech, expression, and participation in decision-making, contributing to an individual’s freedom. Conflicts arising from feelings of disrespect and oppression are minimized in democratic systems because the rights and dignity of all citizens are protected equally. Therefore, democracy uniquely upholds the dignity and freedom of the individual better than any other form of government.
Question 40.
“Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate government.” Support the statement with arguments.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Democracy ensures that the government is accountable, responsive, and legitimate because it is based on the will of the people. In a democratic system, leaders are elected by citizens through free and fair elections, making them answerable to the electorate. This accountability means officials must perform their duties responsibly or face removal in the next election. Moreover, democracy promotes responsiveness as governments must address the needs and expectations of their citizens to maintain public support. Unlike other forms of government, democracy is legitimate since it derives its authority from the people themselves. Although democratic governments can sometimes be slow or less efficient, their legitimacy and connection to the people make them preferred worldwide. This system also empowers citizens by giving them a voice in decision-making, which strengthens social trust and promotes equality. Hence, democracy fosters a government that truly reflects the interests of its people, proving the statement true.
Question 41.
Justify the role of ‘Self Help Groups’ in the rural economy.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Self Help Groups (SHGs) play a crucial role in strengthening the rural economy by empowering poor households, especially women. In rural areas, access to formal banking and credit facilities is limited, which forces people to rely on informal moneylenders who often charge high interest. SHGs consist of 15-20 members, usually from the same neighborhood, who regularly meet and save money collectively. This pooled savings are then used to provide small loans to members for income-generating activities, thus promoting financial self-reliance. Regular meetings also provide a platform for members to discuss and address social issues such as health, nutrition, and domestic violence. By encouraging collective decision-making and mutual support, SHGs contribute not only to improving the economic conditions of rural families but also to social empowerment, particularly of women. Additionally, SHGs help in building a good credit history among members, facilitating easier access to bank loans in the future. This collective approach promotes sustainable development in rural areas by increasing savings, reducing dependency on informal lenders, and fostering community development.
Question 42.
“Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.” Justify the statement.
[5 Marks]
Answer: Cheap and affordable credit plays a vital role in the development of a country because it enables individuals, especially those from poor and middle-income groups, to access the funds they need for various productive purposes. Many people use credit to grow crops, start businesses, establish small-scale industries, or trade goods. This promotes economic activities, creates employment opportunities, and raises income levels, which collectively contribute to the nation's overall development. Formal credit from banks and financial institutions generally offers loans at lower interest rates compared to the informal sector. However, currently, the poor often rely on informal lenders who charge high-interest rates, making it difficult for them to progress. When affordable credit reaches every section of society, it helps reduce dependence on expensive informal credit, thus fostering inclusive growth. According to Professor Muhammad Yunus, if millions of small entrepreneurs get access to reasonable credit, their combined efforts can lead to significant development. Therefore, expanding the availability and accessibility of formal, cheap credit facilities is essential so that all people, especially the poor, can invest in productive activities, improve their livelihoods, and contribute to the country’s economic growth. This creates a balanced and sustainable development model, ensuring no one is left behind due to financial constraints.
Other Years — SOCIAL SCIENCE