SOLUTIONS
2024 BOARD EXAM
CBSE CLASS 12-HUMANITIES POLITICAL SCIENCE Board Paper 2024 — Set 1
2024
POLITICAL SCIENCE
CLASS 12-HUMANITIES
CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER-2024
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(Solved)
General Instructions :
Read the following instructions carefully and follow them :
- This question paper contains 36 questions. All questions are compulsory.
- This question paper is divided into 6 sections.
- Section A – questions number 1 to 1 are case based questions
- Section B – questions number 2 to 7 are very short answer
- Section C – questions number 8 to 15 are multiple choice questions
- Section D – questions number 16 to 21 are short answer
- Section E – questions number 22 to 28 are long answer type i
- Section F – questions number 29 to 36 are long answer type ii
- There is no overall choice given in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
- Use of calculator is NOT allowed.
Section A
Question 1.
The given cartoon is related to the era of coalition governments. Study the cartoon and answer the questions that follow :
(1) Identify and name the leader who is holding the placard 'Rath Yatra'.
Answer: The leader holding the placard 'Rath Yatra' is L.K. Advani, who played a significant role in the Bharatiya Janata Party's political strategy during the 1990s.
Key Points: L.K. Advani - leader of BJP - prominent during Rath Yatra - key figure in Indian politics
(2) Which political party organised the 'Rath Yatra'?
Answer: The BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) organised the 'Rath Yatra'.
Key Points: BJP-organised event-significant in 1990s-political mobilization
(3) Identify and name any two Prime Ministers shown in the cartoon who led the coalition governments.
Answer: Two Prime Ministers who led coalition governments as represented in the cartoon are H.D. Deve Gowda and I.K. Gujral. Both of these leaders were significant figures during the era of coalition politics in India, particularly in the 1990s when coalition governments became more prominent.
Key Points: H.D. Deve Gowda - Prime Minister from 1996-1997, I.K. Gujral - Prime Minister from 1997-1998
(4) Which coalition government decided to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission and why ?
Answer: The coalition government formed in 1990, led by the Janata Dal under V.P. Singh, decided to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. This decision was primarily aimed at providing reservations in jobs for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in the central government. The move was intended to address the historical injustices faced by these communities and ensure better representation in government jobs, reflecting a significant shift towards inclusive policies in Indian politics.
Key Points: Coalition government of 1990 - Led by V.P. Singh - Implemented Mandal Commission recommendations - Aimed at OBC job reservations - Addressed historical injustices
(5) Name the first Non-Congress Prime Minister of India.
Answer: The first Non-Congress Prime Minister of India was Morarji Desai, who took office after the 1977 elections.
Key Points: Morarji Desai-First Non-Congress Prime Minister-1977 elections
(6) Name the Prime Minister who headed a coalition government from May 1996 to June 1996.
Answer: The Prime Minister who headed a coalition government from May 1996 to June 1996 was H. D. Deve Gowda.
Key Points: H. D. Deve Gowda - Prime Minister - Coalition government - May 1996 to June 1996
Section B
Question 2.
Explain any two factors that contribute to building a stable democracy.
[1 Marks]
Answer: Two key factors that contribute to building a stable democracy are effective electoral systems and a balanced governmental structure. An effective electoral system ensures that elections are fair and representative, encouraging public trust in political processes. Additionally, a balanced government structure, with clear roles for the executive, legislature, and judiciary, helps maintain checks and balances, preventing abuses of power. Together, these factors promote social equality and national development.
Question 3.
Highlight any two features of the Constitution of Bangladesh.
[1 Marks]
Answer: The Constitution of Bangladesh emphasizes secularism and democracy as fundamental principles. Secularism ensures that the state maintains neutrality in religious matters, fostering a diverse society. Democracy is reflected in the parliamentary system that allows for public participation in governance. Moreover, the constitution originally endorsed socialism, aiming for an equitable distribution of resources among citizens, although this was later altered. These features highlight the core values on which Bangladesh was founded.
Question 4.
State any two advantages of international organisations like the UNO.
[1 Marks]
Answer: International organizations like the UNO play a crucial role in fostering global cooperation and peace. First, they provide a platform for dialogue among nations, allowing them to address conflicts peacefully and collaboratively. Second, organizations like the UNO enhance international development by coordinating efforts to tackle global challenges such as poverty, health crises, and environmental issues, ensuring a more equitable and sustainable future for all nations involved.
Question 5.
Who was the main architect of the Second Five Year Plan? What did the Second Five Year Plan stress upon?
[1 Marks]
Answer: The main architect of the Second Five Year Plan was P. C. Mahalanobis. This plan, launched in 1956, focused on rapid industrialization, emphasizing the development of heavy industries. Unlike the First Five Year Plan, which urged a more cautious approach, the Second Plan aimed for quick structural transformations across various sectors, enhancing economic growth and industrial capabilities. This was seen as a critical step towards achieving a self-sufficient economy.
Question 6.
Explain any two changes that came in Indian politics after 2014 as compared to the period 1989 to 2014.
[1 Marks]
Answer: After 2014, Indian politics underwent significant changes. Firstly, the rise of the BJP marked a shift towards a majoritarian approach, contrasting with the previous dominance of the Congress. Secondly, there has been an increase in political fragmentation, with multiple regional parties gaining influence, which affects governance and coalition dynamics. This era has also seen a more competitive electoral landscape compared to the earlier dominance of the Congress from 1984 to 1989.
Question 7.
[2 Marks]
Explain the meaning of the term 'defection' in politics.
Section C
Question 8.
[1 Marks]
The 'ASEAN Way' is a form of interaction that is ____________.
Explanation: The correct answer is 'cooperative'. The context states that the 'ASEAN Way' is a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist, and cooperative, emphasizing respect for national sovereignty and cooperation among member states.
Question 9.
Which one of the following countries is not a founder-member of ASEAN?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct answer is Myanmar. ASEAN was established in 1967 by the five founding countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Myanmar joined ASEAN later, making it not a founding member.
Question 10.
[1 Marks]
Which one of the following countries is not included in 'South Asia'?
Explanation: The correct answer is China, as the context states that South Asia generally includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and explicitly mentions that China is not considered to be a part of the region.
Question 11.
[1 Marks]
Arrange the following rulers of Pakistan in chronological order as per the period of their rule:
(i) General Zia-ul-Haq
(ii) Benazir Bhutto
(iii) General Musharraf
(iv) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Explanation: The correct order is (iv), (i), (ii), (iii). Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ruled from 1971 to 1977. He was followed by General Zia-ul-Haq, who took power in 1977 and ruled until 1988. Benazir Bhutto became Prime Minister after Zia's rule and held office from 1988 until 1990, returning to power again in the mid-1990s. General Pervez Musharraf then took over in 1999, ruling until 2008.
Question 12.
Which one of the following is not considered a new source of threat to security?
[1 Marks]
Explanation: War is not considered a new source of threat to security as it has been a traditional and long-standing issue throughout history. In contrast, terrorism, hijacking of planes, and the use of drones represent newer types of threats that have emerged or gained prominence in recent years.
Question 13.
There was considerable unease in Indo-US relations during the 1950s because:
[1 Marks]
Explanation: The correct answer is 'India had a growing partnership with the Soviet Union.' This is because during the 1950s, the US was not pleased with India's independent foreign policy and its increasing ties with the USSR, especially as India was trying to advocate for non-alignment while Pakistan aligned with the US-led military alliances.
Question 14.
[1 Marks]
Which one of the following was not a major objective of Jawaharlal Nehru's foreign policy?
Explanation: The correct answer is 'To make India a nuclear power.' This option is not considered one of the major objectives of Nehru's foreign policy during his tenure from 1946 to 1964. Nehru's main goals were to preserve India's sovereignty, protect its territorial integrity, and promote economic development, but the explicit aim of developing nuclear weapons was not a stated objective of his foreign policy at that time.
Question 15.
[1 Marks]
Which of the following problems did India face before the 4th general elections?
(i) Failure of monsoon
(ii) Food crisis
(iii) Heavy rainfall
(iv) Depletion of foreign exchange reserves
Explanation: The correct options are (i), (ii), and (iv) because the context highlights grave economic crises due to various factors such as failure of monsoons leading to agricultural decline, serious food shortages, and depletion of foreign exchange reserves. Heavy rainfall, while part of weather concerns, was not explicitly mentioned as a problem contributing to the economic challenges faced before the elections.
Section D
Question 16.
[2 Marks]
Explain any two factors that are responsible for Pakistan's failure in building a stable democracy.
Answer: Pakistan has faced significant obstacles in establishing a stable democracy, primarily due to the dominance of the military and a lack of genuine international support for democratic processes. Firstly, the military in Pakistan has frequently intervened in politics, overthrowing elected governments and instituting military rule. This withdrawal of civilian authority undermines democratic institutions and habits. Secondly, the lack of consistent international backing for democracy has emboldened the military's dominance. Western countries, including the United States, have often supported military regimes, prioritizing stability over democratic governance, which perpetuates authoritarian rule and contributes to the ongoing struggle for democratic development in Pakistan.
Question 17.
Highlight any two features of the Constitution of Bangladesh.
[2 Marks]
Answer: The Constitution of Bangladesh embodies several defining features, two of which are its commitment to secularism and its establishment of democratic governance. Secularism ensures that the state remains neutral in matters of religion, promoting equal treatment of all citizens regardless of their faith. Additionally, the Constitution originally adopted a parliamentary system that allowed for greater representation and accountability. However, this was later amended to a presidential system under Sheikh Mujib, which concentrated power in the executive branch while limiting political pluralism. These features reflect the nation's aspirations for justice, equality, and unity amid its historical context.
Question 18.
State any two advantages of international organizations like the UNO.
[2 Marks]
Answer: International organizations like the United Nations (UNO) play a crucial role in fostering peace and cooperation among nations. One primary advantage is their ability to facilitate dialogue and negotiations during conflicts, acting as a neutral ground where countries can address grievances and work towards resolutions. Another advantage is their efforts in promoting social and economic development across the globe, providing a platform for nations to collaborate on issues like poverty reduction, public health, and education. These functions are vital in an increasingly interconnected world, where global challenges require collective action.
Question 19.
Who was the main architect of the Second Five Year Plan? What did the Second Five Year Plan stress upon?
[2 Marks]
Answer: The main architect of the Second Five Year Plan was P. C. Mahalanobis, who led a team of economists and planners. Launched in 1956, the plan emphasized rapid industrialization, with a strong focus on heavy industries. Unlike the First Five Year Plan, which advocated a gradual approach to development, the Second Plan aimed for quick structural transformation by implementing changes across various sectors simultaneously. This shift indicated a move towards a more aggressive industrial strategy, intending to lay the foundation for a robust economic framework and accelerating the pace of growth in the country.
Question 20.
Explain any two changes that came in Indian politics after 2014 as compared to the period 1989 to 2014.
[2 Marks]
Answer: After 2014, Indian politics experienced significant changes, contrasting sharply with the period from 1989 to 2014. Firstly, there was a marked shift in the dominance of political parties. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) emerged as the dominant party, securing majority in the Lok Sabha in 2014, which highlighted a shift from the previous norm of multi-party coalitions. This dominance indicates a consolidation of power that was less prevalent in earlier decades. Secondly, the political landscape became more polarized, with a clear divide between BJP's nationalistic agenda and the Congress-led opposition. This increased the competitiveness of elections and created a robust political environment where majoritarian politics began to play a significant role, contrasting with the consensus-driven politics that characterized the previous decades.
Question 21.
[2 Marks]
Explain the meaning of the term 'defection' in politics.
Answer: Defection in politics occurs when an elected representative leaves the political party under whose symbol they were elected, to join another party. This situation often arises during party disagreements or as part of political maneuvering aimed at gaining power. The phenomenon of defection gained prominence after the 1967 elections, notably involving Congress legislators. Although the anti-defection amendment was introduced in 1985 to curb this practice, it has not entirely eliminated defections and has instead strengthened the authority of party leaders and legislative heads over their members.
Section E
Question 22.
Assess the economic importance of the European Union.
[4 Marks]
Answer: The European Union (EU) plays a pivotal economic role on the global stage, boasting a projected GDP of approximately $19.35 trillion by 2024, making it one of the largest economies worldwide. The euro, the common currency of many member states, presents a competitive challenge to the US dollar, facilitating trade and investment within and outside the EU. The EU's share of global trade significantly surpasses that of the United States, enhancing its assertiveness in trade negotiations with major economies like China and the US. Furthermore, the EU operates as a cohesive entity in international economic organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), allowing for a united front in global trade issues. The EU also aims to expand its influence by incorporating new members, particularly from Eastern Europe, despite facing challenges from public sentiment against ceding national powers to the EU. Ultimately, the EU’s economic integration fosters stability, prosperity, and cooperation among its member states, while its strategic economic policies enhance its prominence in global affairs.
Question 23.
Analyse the role of the European Union as a supranational organisation with the help of examples.
[4 Marks]
Answer: The European Union (EU) has transformed from an economic union into a prominent political entity, exerting substantial influence over its member states. Established with the aim of promoting economic collaboration, it has taken significant strides toward political integration. For instance, the introduction of the Euro has strengthened economic ties and facilitated trade. Furthermore, the EU's common foreign and security policy, especially in matters like peacekeeping operations, showcases its role as a unified body in global affairs. Expansion efforts, particularly with former Soviet countries, reflect the EU's ambition to extend stability and prosperity. Despite challenges in gaining unanimous support for deeper integration, the EU has successfully fostered cooperation among diverse nations, highlighting its significance as a leading supranational organization. The EU's flag and anthem symbolize its collective identity and political unity, making it a distinctive player on the world stage.
Question 24.
Describe any four criteria proposed in 1997 for new permanent and non-permanent members of the UN Security Council.
[4 Marks]
Answer: In 1997, discussions regarding the reform of the UN Security Council resulted in several proposed criteria for new permanent and non-permanent members. First, the contribution to the UN budget was significant; countries contributing more financially were seen as more responsible partners. Second, a country's population size was considered, with larger populations indicating greater global representation. Third, respect for democracy and human rights became essential, given the UN's commitment to these values. Lastly, geopolitical weight was crucial, meaning that emerging powers with substantial economic or military capabilities should be included to reflect the current global order. These criteria aimed to make the Security Council more representative and relevant to contemporary international relations.
Question 25.
What is the primary goal of human security? Explain the difference between the narrow and broad concepts of human security.
[4 Marks]
Answer: The primary goal of human security is the protection of individuals from various threats. It emphasizes that individual safety is paramount, beyond mere state security. The 'narrow' concept of human security focuses primarily on violent threats, including conflicts, terrorism, and internal violence, highlighting the need to protect individuals from these forms of aggression. In contrast, the 'broad' concept expands the threats to include economic stability, hunger, disease, and natural disasters, recognizing these elements as significant dangers to people's dignity and survival. Thus, while narrow human security is concerned with direct violence, broad human security encompasses a wider array of challenges that affect human wellbeing, emphasizing that secure individuals are critical to achieving collective security.
Question 26.
Explain the security challenges faced by the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa.
[4 Marks]
Answer: After gaining independence, countries in Asia and Africa encountered significant security challenges, primarily due to regional conflicts and internal strife. Many of these nations faced the threat of military confrontations with neighboring states over disputed borders, territorial claims, and ethnic rivalries. Additionally, there was a palpable fear of internal violence, including civil wars and insurgencies, driven by ethnic and ideological divisions. Former colonial powers also posed a lingering threat, as newly-independent states were wary of potential external interventions. Moreover, new issues emerged, such as terrorism, genocide, and environmental crises, which further complicated their security landscape. The geopolitical context of the Cold War intensified these challenges, as superpowers often supported different factions within these emerging nations. Each of these factors necessitated a delicate balancing act to ensure sovereignty while managing both domestic and international pressures.
Question 27.
Keeping in mind the crucial role of politics in a democracy, which route did our national leaders decide to take in the newly independent India? Explain any two points.
[4 Marks]
Answer: In the wake of India’s independence, national leaders opted for a democratic path, firmly believing in the importance of political engagement in ensuring equality and social welfare. They recognized that democracy would serve as a crucial mechanism for national unity and integrity. Firstly, they emphasized the need for political frameworks that would promote social equality and ensure that governance served the interests of all citizens, especially the marginalized. Secondly, the leaders understood that establishing a democratic government was essential to safeguard the rights of diverse groups within the nation, thereby fostering a sense of belonging and participation that is vital in a pluralistic society. This deliberate choice to prioritize democracy positioned India as a mature nation capable of addressing the challenges of nation-building while striving towards holistic development.
Question 28.
Highlight the role of Jawaharlal Nehru in the foreign policy of India.
[4 Marks]
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru, as the first Prime Minister and also serving as his own Foreign Minister from 1946 to 1964, played a pivotal role in shaping India’s foreign policy. His main objectives included preserving India's sovereignty, protecting territorial integrity, and fostering economic development. Nehru championed the strategy of non-alignment, aiming to establish India as a significant player in global affairs. He sought Afro-Asian unity and fostered relations with newly independent nations in Asia and Africa. Nehru's vision extended to promoting peace and cooperation among nations, thereby establishing India as a leader in the post-colonial world. His dedication to these objectives laid the foundation for India's active participation in international diplomacy, showcasing India's commitment to global peace and development.
Section F
Question 29.
[6 Marks]
"India's relations with Russia are embedded in a history of trust and common interests." Support the statement with any three appropriate arguments.
Answer: India's relations with Russia are indeed deeply rooted in a history of trust and mutual interests, illustrated by several key factors. Firstly, the political backing during critical historical moments, such as Russia's support for India during the Kashmir conflict and the 1971 India-Pakistan war, has solidified trust. Secondly, the defense partnership is significant, with Russia being the largest supplier of military hardware to India, reinforcing India's defense capabilities and ensuring regional security. Thirdly, the economic ties, particularly in energy, are vital; Russia's assistance during oil crises highlights the practical benefits of this relationship. Together, these elements underline a robust foundation of trust and a shared vision for regional stability.
Question 30.
Analyse any three effects of shock therapy after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
[6 Marks]
Answer: Shock therapy had profound and varied effects on the post-Soviet states, particularly in Russia. Firstly, the rapid transition to a capitalist economy resulted in significant economic turmoil. The large state-controlled industrial complex, once a symbol of Soviet might, faced near collapse as around 90% of enterprises were privatized, leading to massive unemployment and increased poverty levels. Secondly, the social fabric of society experienced dramatic shifts; the abrupt transition from a planned to a market economy caused significant psychological shock among the populace, leading to widespread despair and disillusionment. Many found it difficult to adapt to the sudden economic changes, resulting in increased crime rates and social unrest. Lastly, shock therapy failed to deliver the anticipated economic prosperity, with many regions experiencing economic decline rather than growth. The promised utopia of mass consumption became a mere illusion as the reality was starkly different, characterized by inequality and a lack of access to essential goods and services. Ultimately, shock therapy did not lead to a flourishing capitalist state but rather deepened the crisis in governance and society, leaving a legacy of hardship and disillusionment.
Question 31.
Explain any three environmental concerns in global politics that no single government can address.
[6 Marks]
Answer: Three significant environmental concerns in global politics that cannot be fully addressed by any single government are climate change, biodiversity loss, and water scarcity. Climate change, driven primarily by greenhouse gas emissions, poses a global threat, impacting weather patterns, sea levels, and ecosystems worldwide. Biodiversity loss, often due to deforestation and habitat destruction, diminishes ecological stability and resilience, affecting food security and health. Water scarcity has emerged as a critical issue, as over-extraction of freshwater resources and pollution threaten availability for millions, thus necessitating international cooperation to manage shared water resources effectively. Addressing these concerns requires collaborative efforts among nations, as solutions transcend national borders and require collective action and responsibility.
Question 32.
[6 Marks]
Explain the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities'.
Answer: The principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities' was established at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It recognizes that while all states share a common obligation to protect the global environment, the extent of these responsibilities varies based on their historical contributions to environmental degradation and their varying capabilities. Developed countries, having historically caused more environmental damage due to their industrial activities and possessing greater technological and financial resources, bear greater responsibility for global sustainability. In contrast, developing countries face challenges in economic development and may lack the same resources or historical contribution to environmental issues. Thus, they should not be held to the same level of responsibility. This principle emphasizes a collaborative approach where all nations work together towards environmental conservation, while acknowledging the need for equity and fairness in responsibility-sharing. Recognizing the differentiated capacities of states is pivotal to achieving global sustainable development, ensuring that developing nations can pursue growth while addressing environmental challenges. It also fosters global cooperation and support for less developed nations, thereby promoting environmental justice and social equity.
Question 33.
[6 Marks]
Describe any three major challenges that independent India faced immediately after independence.
Answer: Immediately after gaining independence in 1947, India faced several monumental challenges. Firstly, the challenge of national integration was significant due to the diverse linguistic, cultural, and religious groups within the country. India had to unite various regions and communities while respecting their identities, which required careful political maneuvering and inclusive governance. Secondly, the issue of communal violence, particularly arising from the Partition, led to massive displacement and loss of life, causing social and emotional scars that needed to be addressed. Finally, the integration of over 500 princely states into the Indian Union posed a complex administrative challenge. Many of these states had aspirations for independence or autonomy, and negotiations were crucial to establish a unified nation. These challenges defined the early years of India's journey as a sovereign nation and necessitated strong leadership and vision to transform a fragmented society into a cohesive test of nationhood.
Question 34.
[6 Marks]
Describe the role played by Mahatma Gandhi to reduce communal violence that erupted in many parts of India at the time of the partition in 1947.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in mitigating communal violence during the tumultuous period of partition in 1947. His commitment to non-violence and communal harmony was evident when he chose to remain in Kolkata, where violent riots had erupted between Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi organized prayer meetings, appealing to people's conscience, which attracted large crowds. His philosophy of ahimsa was put to the test as violence escalated. In response, Gandhi undertook a fast to urge both communities to cease hostility and embrace peace. He emphasized the importance of Muslims staying in India, advocating for their rights while promoting unity. Gandhi's presence and efforts in Kolkata significantly improved communal relations, enabling a momentary celebration of independence marked by harmony. Eventually, he moved to Delhi to tackle riots there, continuing to confront societal divisions head-on. His dedication exemplified true leadership in times of crisis, reminding Indians of their shared identity. Gandhi's legacy of non-violence and social cohesion endured, influencing future generations and the foundational ideals of the Indian state.
Question 35.
[6 Marks]
Analyse any three reasons for the movement against outsiders in Assam from 1979 to 1985.
Answer: The movement against outsiders in Assam from 1979 to 1985 was driven by several significant factors. Firstly, there was a concern over illegal immigration, particularly of Bengali Muslims, which many Assamese believed threatened their identity and reduced them to a minority in their own state. Secondly, the movement was fueled by economic issues; widespread poverty and unemployment were prevalent in Assam despite its rich natural resources, leading locals to feel that migrants were competing for limited opportunities. Thirdly, political disenfranchisement played a key role, as the Assamese feared that migrants were manipulating the electoral system, aided by faulty voter registers, to dominate political power. These reasons together galvanized the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU) and engaged widespread support across various sections of Assamese society, ultimately shaping the political landscape of the region.
Question 36.
[6 Marks]
"Regional aspirations are very much a part of democratic politics." Justify the statement.
Answer: Regional aspirations play a crucial role in shaping democratic politics as they reflect the diverse identities and needs within a society. In democracies like India, where regional diversity is vast, addressing regional issues becomes essential for stable governance. The democratic framework encourages the expression of these aspirations, recognizing them as legitimate demands rather than dismissing them as threats to national integrity. For instance, movements in regions such as Punjab or Tamil Nadu illustrate that political parties often align their agendas with regional concerns, ensuring representation. Historical examples demonstrate that failing to acknowledge regional aspirations can lead to tensions, highlighting that successful democracies must embrace regional identities in policy-making processes. Ultimately, the accommodation of regional issues is critical for fostering national unity.
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