CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER-2022

Answer: Static things can be understood as elements that do not change over time and maintain a stable existence within a culture or society. These can include traditional practices, values, and customs that remain constant despite external influences that may modify other aspects. For instance, staple foods like masala dosa persist in Indian culture, illustrating how certain elements resist change while others adapt. Static things serve as anchors that help maintain identity amidst evolving circumstances.

Answer: Static things maintain their core identity despite external influences. According to the concept of the basic structure doctrine, while some aspects are rigid and cannot be amended, others adapt to change. External influences, though sometimes negative, can enhance choices without replacing traditional elements. For instance, the popularity of burgers doesn’t diminish the significance of a masala dosa in Indian culture. Thus, static aspects of culture coexist with dynamic elements.

Answer: Despite anti-popular policies, support for key political figures persists in India. For instance, Indira Gandhi, despite opposition to her policies, was regarded as a protector of the poor. Her strong leadership garnered significant electoral success, highlighting her influence in Indian politics. Additionally, the rise of the Dalit and OBC political movements illustrates the complexity of voter dynamics, demonstrating that even unpopular policies can maintain support when aligned with social empowerment.

Answer: The Mandal Commission recommended that 27 percent of positions in government jobs and educational institutions should be reserved for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) to enhance their representation. Additionally, it suggested implementing land reforms to improve the socio-economic conditions of these backward classes, aiming to empower and uplift them within society.

Answer: Two major problems between India and Pakistan are the dispute over Kashmir and the sharing of river waters. The Kashmir conflict has led to violence and military engagements, with both countries claiming the region as their own. Additionally, the water-sharing disagreement, particularly concerning the Indus River, has caused tensions since the 1940s, leading to fears of resource scarcity. Both issues have created a complex relationship marked by mistrust and conflict.

Answer: The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is significant because it represents a coalition of various political parties that, despite ideological differences, united for governance. Led by Narendra Modi, the NDA implemented rapid reforms in social, economic, and foreign policies. Its formation marked a shift in Indian politics, allowing the BJP to secure a majority in the 2014 elections while promoting coalition politics. This demonstrates the importance of regional parties in contemporary governance.

Answer: Two negative effects of globalization include the increasing wealth disparity and cultural homogenization. Globalization often leads to the rich becoming richer while the poor get poorer, as economic benefits are not evenly distributed. Additionally, globalization can cause a weakening of local cultures, as dominant cultures overshadow and diminish the rich diversity of global heritage, resulting in a loss of unique cultural identities and traditions.

Answer: One flaw of globalization is the unequal distribution of its benefits, where wealthier nations often gain more advantages than poorer ones. This can exacerbate economic disparities and create dependency on developed countries. Another flaw is the erosion of local cultures as globalization tends to promote a homogenized global culture, diminishing unique cultural identities and traditions. This cultural dilution can threaten the richness of human heritage and diversity.

Answer: Different organizations in India have protested against the entry of multinational companies (MNCs) for several reasons. Firstly, farmers have suffered greatly due to MNCs supplying expensive seeds that led to crop failures and, tragically, some committed suicide as a result. Secondly, local shopkeepers fear losing their livelihoods to international retail chains that could dominate the market, threatening small businesses and traditional commerce. These protests highlight the socioeconomic impacts of MNCs in India.

Answer: Cultures are dynamic and constantly evolving entities influenced by various external factors. They are shaped by interactions with other cultures, leading to both cultural homogenisation and heterogenisation. For instance, while globalisation may introduce Western elements, it also allows for reinterpretation and integration of these influences into local traditions, enhancing cultural expression. Moreover, external influences can sometimes enrich a culture, broadening choices and promoting innovation. The coexistence of diverse cultural practices highlights the fluidity of culture, signifying that cultures adapt and transform over time rather than remaining fixed.

Answer: Globalisation has paradoxically enhanced the power of states despite the notion that it erodes state sovereignty. States now have access to advanced technologies that facilitate better surveillance and information gathering about their citizens, allowing for more effective governance. Multinational companies, while seemingly reducing decision-making power, have compelled states to adapt and innovate, thus fostering stronger regulatory frameworks. Furthermore, the increasing interdependence fostered by globalisation necessitates robust state involvement to navigate economic complexities and social challenges, affirming the state's primacy in governance.

Answer: The phrase 'Aya Ram Gaya Ram' illustrates the phenomenon of floor-crossing in Indian politics, even after the introduction of the anti-defection law. One notable example is Gaya Lal, whose 1967 defection from his party to Congress epitomized this practice, leading to the popularization of the term. Another instance occurred in the late 1980s when several legislators in Uttar Pradesh switched parties frequently to secure political power, undermining the very essence of the anti-defection law.

Answer: The Mandal Commission, chaired by Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal, was established in 1978 to assess the educational and social backwardness among different sections of Indian society. It made several significant recommendations to improve the status of backward classes. Two key recommendations include the reservation of 27 percent of seats in educational institutions and government jobs for Other Backward Classes (OBCs). Additionally, the commission advocated for land reforms aimed at enhancing the socio-economic conditions of OBCs, thereby fostering their empowerment and participation in national development.

Answer: One major problem between India and Pakistan is the long-standing dispute over the Kashmir region. This territorial conflict stems from differing claims between the two nations, with India controlling a significant part, while Pakistan claims it entirely. The tension in Kashmir often leads to military escalations and unrest. Another significant issue is the dispute over river water sharing, particularly concerning the Indus Basin. Historical agreements like the Indus Waters Treaty have not fully resolved the disagreements, leading to accusations from both sides regarding water management and usage, thus heightening tensions.

Answer: The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) III is termed a 'Surplus Majority Coalition' because it achieved a significant electoral victory in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, securing 282 seats independently. This victory marked a notable shift in Indian politics, where single-party majorities had become rare. Despite its solo majority, BJP chose to form the NDA with various regional partners, thereby strengthening its government further to include diverse political voices. Coalition dynamics have evolved since the 1970s, highlighting the necessity of collaboration among parties to govern effectively, reflecting a pragmatic approach to governance in contemporary politics. The NDA under Narendra Modi's leadership utilized this coalition effectively to implement rapid changes in social, foreign, and economic policies.

Answer: Globalisation has several negative effects that can impact individuals and communities adversely. Firstly, it often exacerbates economic inequality, where the wealth generated from global markets tends to accumulate among a small elite, making the rich richer while leaving poorer populations behind. This increasing disparity can lead to social unrest and feelings of disenfranchisement. Secondly, globalisation poses a threat to local cultures and traditions, as it promotes a homogenized global culture. This cultural imperialism can result in the erosion of unique cultural identities as local customs are overshadowed by dominant global influences, potentially leading to cultural disintegration.

Answer: Globalisation encompasses various flows that connect different parts of the world. Two significant flows include the exchange of commodities and the movement of people. The flow of commodities involves trading goods across international borders, resulting in a more interconnected global economy. This flow supports trade relationships, influences market dynamics, and fosters competition. The movement of people, often driven by the search for better livelihoods, promotes cultural exchange and transfers skills. Both flows highlight the interconnectedness created by globalisation, emphasizing its economic and social dimensions.

Answer: Different organisations in India have protested against the entry of multinational companies (MNCs) for several reasons. Firstly, many farmers have faced financial distress, resorting to suicides as a result of failed crops tied to expensive seeds from MNCs. These seeds often require high input costs, which they cannot afford, leading to devastating outcomes. Secondly, small retail shopkeepers fear losing their livelihoods due to competition from large international retail chains proposed by MNCs. These chains can dominate the market due to their resources, pushing local businesses out of the market and threatening their economic stability.

Answer: The implementation of the Mandal Commission's recommendations is considered a crucial step in addressing social and economic backwardness in India primarily because it aimed to recognize and uplift the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) by providing them with reservations in education and employment. Firstly, the reservation of 27% of seats for OBCs in educational institutions opened up opportunities for marginalized communities, enabling them to gain access to quality education and improve their socio-economic status. Secondly, the recommendations also included land reforms to benefit the OBCs, ensuring better livelihood and economic stability. Overall, these initiatives aimed to empower historically disadvantaged groups and facilitate their inclusion in the mainstream economy, thereby addressing systemic inequalities.

Answer: The assertion that democracy is an accepted norm in South Asia is supported by the democratic transitions seen in countries like Nepal and Bangladesh. Nepal's emergence as a democratic republic demonstrates the region's commitment to democratic ideals. Data from surveys indicate that a significant majority in countries such as Bangladesh (69%), India (70%), Nepal (62%), and Sri Lanka (71%) prefer democracy over dictatorship. This is further evidence that, despite some differing views in Pakistan, the overall regional sentiment leans towards democracy. Citizens seem to embrace the notion that democracy is suitable for their nations, reflecting a widespread belief in democratic governance. Moreover, recent surveys illustrate a shift in public attitudes, showcasing an expanding acceptance and demand for democratic practices in South Asia. This collective regional trend underscores the importance of democracy as a shared value, contributing to a novel understanding of democratic governance on a global scale.

Answer: China undertook several significant steps to enhance its economy, primarily through strategic reforms initiated in the late 20th century. Firstly, the privatization of agriculture in 1982 drastically increased agricultural productivity and rural incomes, allowing farmers to operate more independently and responsibly manage their resources. Secondly, the implementation of the 'open door' policy in 1978 led to the gradual opening of China to foreign trade and investment, fostering economic growth through technology transfer and capital influx. Lastly, the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) promoted foreign investment by offering tax incentives and relaxed regulations, transforming these areas into thriving industrial hubs. Overall, these measures catalyzed the transition from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented one.

Answer: The European Union (EU) stands out as a significant centre of power on multiple fronts. Firstly, its remarkable economic strength is underscored by a projected GDP of approximately $19.35 trillion in 2024, which allows it to exert considerable influence in global trade negotiations and disputes. Secondly, the EU wields substantial political and diplomatic clout, demonstrated through its ability to act as a unified entity in international platforms, including the World Trade Organization. Additionally, its common foreign and security policy enables the EU member states to collaborate effectively when dealing with external nations. This amalgamation of economic strength and political coherence positions the EU as a formidable player on the world stage, capable of challenging traditional powers like the United States. The ongoing efforts to expand cooperation and integrate new members highlight the EU's role in shaping regional stability and political dynamics.

Answer: The formation of the Janata Party in 1977 was a significant political development in India, driven by several factors. Firstly, the imposition of the Emergency by Indira Gandhi from 1975 to 1977 galvanized various opposition parties against her authoritarian rule. This common ground prompted disparate groups to unite under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan, emphasizing the need for democratic governance. Secondly, the opposition was energized by widespread public discontent regarding issues like censorship, political repression, and economic challenges. Lastly, the desire for a cohesive electoral strategy against the Congress Party during the impending elections motivated the formation of a unified front to contest political power more effectively. Despite the initial success, the Janata Party faced internal differences that eventually led to its disintegration, highlighting the challenges of maintaining unity among diverse political ideologies.

Answer: The declaration of emergency in 1975 was a controversial decision that has sparked much debate regarding its necessity. Firstly, the government claimed that there was a significant threat of internal disturbance, justifying their actions under Article 352 of the Constitution. However, this perceived threat can be seen as exaggerated by critics, who argue that it suppressed democratic rights and freedoms unfairly. Secondly, the emergency allowed for the consolidation of power by the ruling party, which led to widespread abuses and violations of civil liberties, undermining the very principles of democracy. Finally, the emergency provisions were ambiguously defined, leading to confusion about when they should be applied. This prompted constitutional amendments to clarify the grounds for declaring an emergency in the future, ensuring that such a scenario could only occur under very specific circumstances, such as armed rebellion. The legacy of the 1975 emergency serves as a cautionary tale about the potential for governmental overreach and the importance of protecting democratic institutions.