SOLUTIONS
2022 BOARD EXAM
CBSE CLASS 12-HUMANITIES HISTORY Board Paper 2022 — Set 4
2022
HISTORY
CLASS 12-HUMANITIES
CBSE EXAMINATION PAPER-2022
HISTORY
(Solved)
General Instructions :
Read the following instructions carefully and follow them :
- This question paper contains 13 questions. All questions are compulsory.
- This question paper is divided into 3 sections.
- Section A – questions number 1 to 3 are case based questions
- Section B – questions number 4 to 8 are short answer
- Section C – questions number 9 to 13 are long answer
- There is no overall choice given in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
- Use of calculator is NOT allowed.
Section A
Question 1.
Read the source given below carefully and answer the questions that follow :
In praise of taswir
Abu'l Fazl held the art of painting in high esteem:
Drawing the likeness of anything is called taswir. His Majesty from his earliest youth, has shown a great predilection for this art, and gives it every encouragement, as he looks upon it as a means both of study and amusement. A very large number of painters have been set to work. Each week, several supervisors and clerks of the imperial workshop submit before the emperor the work done by each artist, and His Majesty gives a reward and increases the monthly salaries of the artists according to the excellence displayed. ... Most excellent painters are now to be found, and masterpieces, worthy of a Bihzad, may be placed at the side of the wonderful works of the European painters who have attained worldwide fame. The minuteness in detail, the general finish and the boldness of execution now observed in pictures are incomparable; even inanimate objects look as if they have life. More than a hundred painters have become famous masters of the art. This is especially true of the Hindu artists. Their pictures surpass our conception of things. Few, indeed, in the whole world are found equal to them.
(1) Why did Abu'l Fazl describe painting as a 'magical art'?
Answer: Abu'l Fazl described painting as a 'magical art' due to its enchanting ability to create lifelike representations of both animate and inanimate objects. This art form, referred to as taswir, captivated the emperor and was encouraged as it combined elements of study and amusement. The meticulous attention to detail and the boldness of execution seen in paintings gave them a vibrancy that made it seem as though they were alive. The remarkable skills of the painters, particularly those from Hindu backgrounds, produced artwork that surpassed conventional expectations, leading to the perception that they possessed a kind of magic in their representation of reality. Moreover, the fusion of various artistic influences, alongside a deep understanding of anatomy, geometry, and light, enhanced the overall quality of the art, contributing to its 'magical' appeal.
Key Points: taswir creates lifelike representations; meticulous detail and vibrant execution; influence of diverse artistic traditions; magic in merging reality with beauty; exceptional skills of painters, especially Hindu artists
(2) How did Abu'l fazl seek to legitimies the art painting?
Answer: Abu'l Fazl sought to legitimize the art of painting, known as taswir, through a combination of royal patronage, recognition of artistic excellence, and the establishment of a thriving community of artists. By placing a high value on the art and showing a personal enthusiasm for it from his youth, the emperor not only encouraged its practice but also made it integral to the cultural identity of the empire. Through the systematic submission of artworks by painters to the emperor for evaluation and reward, he instilled a meritocratic element into the art world, which elevated the status of painters and their work. The acknowledgement that masterpieces could be created on par with established European artists further asserts that taswir was a legitimate and respected form of artistic expression. Furthermore, the emphasis on the skill of Hindu artists, who produced works surpassing expectations, illustrates a cultural appreciation that solidified the art's legitimacy in the context of the Mughal Empire's diverse society.
Key Points: Royal patronage; Personal enthusiasm for painting; Systematic evaluation of artists' work; Meritocratic rewards; Cultural appreciation of Hindu artists
(3) Why do you think European painters attained worldwide fame ?
Answer: European painters attained worldwide fame due to several key factors that contributed to the evolution of their artistry. Firstly, the introduction of realism in art marked a significant turning point, as artists began to focus on accurately depicting the human form and the natural world, drawing from a deep understanding of anatomy and perspective. This was made possible through the study of geometry and the science of light, which allowed painters to create a three-dimensional quality in their works. Additionally, the use of oil as a painting medium enriched the colors and textures, enhancing the visual impact of their art. The influences of Chinese and Persian art also played a crucial role, as these styles inspired European painters and broadened their artistic vocabulary. Consequently, these elements combined to elevate European art to a level of prominence that resonated globally, establishing a legacy that recognized their work as sophisticated and cutting-edge, thus leading to their fame worldwide.
Key Points: Realism in art - Study of anatomy and perspective - Use of oil medium - Influence of Chinese and Persian art - Global recognition of artistic talent
Question 2.
Read the source given below carefully and answer the questions that follow :
We have never asked for privileges
Hansa Mehta of Bombay demanded justice for women, not reserved seats, or separate electorates.
We have never asked for privileges. What we have asked for is social justice, economic justice, and political justice. We have asked for that equality which alone can be the basis of mutual respect and understanding, without which real cooperation is not possible between man and woman.
(1) How can women be empowered economically?
[1 Marks]
Answer: Women can be empowered economically through a combination of education, skill development, and access to financial resources. Education plays a pivotal role in providing women with the necessary knowledge and skills needed to enter and thrive in the workforce. Vocational training programs can also be established to equip women with specific skills that meet the demands of the job market. Additionally, increasing women's access to credit and financial services allows them to start their own businesses or invest in their education and health. Furthermore, creating a supportive legal framework that promotes equal pay and fair conditions at the workplace is essential. By ensuring these measures, society can move towards achieving economic justice for women, fostering an environment of mutual respect and understanding as highlighted by Hansa Mehta.
Key Points: Education is key- Vocational training - Access to financial resources - Supportive legal framework - Promote equal pay
(2) What could be the basis of mutual respect among men and women?
[1 Marks]
Answer: The basis of mutual respect among men and women is founded on the principles of equality and justice. As Hansa Mehta articulated, true respect emanates from the recognition of social, economic, and political justice for all individuals, regardless of gender. This equality is essential to foster understanding and cooperation between men and women. When both genders are treated as equals, their interactions are enriched by mutual recognition and acknowledgment of each other's rights and contributions. Therefore, building a society that values and practices equality can lay the groundwork for genuine respect and collaboration.
Key Points: social justice-economic justice-political justice-equality-mutual understanding-cooperation
(3) Why did Hansa Mehta not demand separate electorates for women?
[2 Marks]
Answer: Hansa Mehta did not demand separate electorates for women because she believed that such a demand would imply a quest for privileges rather than true justice and equality. She emphasized that the struggle should focus on obtaining social, economic, and political justice for women, basing it on the principles of equality. Mehta recognized that separate electorates could lead to division and perpetuate the stigma associated with gender, rather than fostering mutual respect and cooperation between men and women. She argued that real progress for women could only be achieved through inclusivity and equal participation in the political process, rather than through segregation. Thus, her call was for justice that honors the dignity of women, ensuring their rightful place in society without being marked by separate status or privileges.
Key Points: Demand for justice not privileges-Emphasis on social economic and political justice-Equality as a basis for mutual respect-Concerns about division and stigma of separate electorates-Inclusivity in the political process
Question 3.
On the given political outline map of India , locate and label any one of the following with appropriate symbol :
(1) A place where Gandhiji raised his voice for indigo planters.
Answer: The place where Gandhiji raised his voice for indigo planters is Champaran, which is located in the state of Bihar. In 1917, Gandhiji led a movement there to address the grievances of indigo farmers who were being oppressed by colonial plantation interests. This movement proved pivotal as it marked the first significant involvement of Gandhiji in Indian politics and showcased his commitment to the rights of the peasants.
Key Points: Champaran - state of Bihar - indigo planters' grievances - 1917 - first significant movement led by Gandhiji
(2) A place where Nana Saheb joined the Revolt of 1857.
Answer: Nana Saheb joined the Revolt of 1857 in Kanpur, where he became the leader of the uprising against British rule. On the political outline map, mark and label Kanpur with a star symbol to indicate its significance during the revolt.
Key Points: Location: Kanpur - Nana Saheb's leadership role - Significance of Kanpur in the Revolt of 1857
(3) On the same political outline map of India, a place related to the capital city of the Mughal Empire is marked as 'A' identify and write its name on the line drawn near it.
Answer: The capital city of the Mughal Empire was Agra. On the political outline map of India, I will label point 'A' as Agra with a suitable symbol to indicate its prominence during the Mughal period.
Key Points: Agra - capital of the Mughal Empire; symbol for marking; significance in Mughal history
(4) Name any one centre of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer: One of the major centres of the Revolt of 1857 is Awadh. It played a crucial role as a stronghold of resistance against British rule and was characterized by widespread popular upheaval and sentiment against the oppressive policies of the British government. This was where the revolt became an expression of popular resistance and drew support from various segments of the local population.
Key Points: Awadh as a major centre - popular resistance - significance in the Revolt of 1857
(5) Name any one place in India which was under the British control in 1857.
Answer: One place in India that was under British control in 1857 is Delhi. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, Delhi was a significant center of resistance against British rule. It was the capital of the Mughal Empire and held immense importance strategically and symbolically for both the British and the Indian rebels.
Key Points: Delhi; significant center of resistance; capital of the Mughal Empire; strategic importance during the 1857 uprising
(6) Name any one capital city of the Mughal Empire.
Answer: One capital city of the Mughal Empire is Agra. Agra served as the capital under several Mughal emperors and is well-known for its historical significance, including the famous Taj Mahal, which was built during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan. It was a prominent center of power and culture during the Mughal era.
Key Points: Agra - served as a capital city - historical significance - center of power and culture
Section B
Question 4.
Describe the views of Gandhiji on the question of National Language.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi believed that Hindustani, a linguistic blend of Hindi and Urdu, should serve as India's national language. He opposed both Sanskritized Hindi and Persianized Urdu, advocating for a version that included elements from various regional languages. Gandhi emphasized that a national language must be accessible and relatable to the common people, fostering communication between diverse communities. He argued that Hindustani could unify Hindus, Muslims, and different regional identities, thus maintaining India's composite cultural heritage. His vision was rooted in inclusivity, making language a means to bridge societal divides.
Question 5.
[3 Marks]
"There were certain considerations in the minds of British officials when they introduced Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793." Analyse the statement.
Answer: The Permanent Settlement was introduced by British officials in 1793 primarily to stabilize revenue collection amidst a crumbling rural economy in Bengal. By fixing revenue demands in perpetuity, officials aimed to secure income while alleviating the pressure from recurrent famines and declining agricultural productivity. The British believed that by stabilizing the zamindari system, they could incentivize zamindars to improve agricultural practices. This method was seen as a means to ensure steady revenue, particularly after agricultural prices began to rise post-1810. However, it also led to increased exploitation of peasants and did not address land ownership disparities effectively. The focus on creating a new class of zamindars by recognizing existing rajas and taluqdars showcased the British inclination towards a feudal model rather than reforming the agrarian structure comprehensively. Overall, the Permanent Settlement reflected the British imperial strategy amid economic challenges.
Question 6.
Analyse the reasons for regular failure in paying revenue by the zamindars in the Permanent Settlement.
[3 Marks]
Answer: The zamindars' failure to pay the revenue demanded after the Permanent Settlement can be attributed to several critical factors. Firstly, the fixed revenue demands were set exceedingly high, putting immense financial pressure on zamindars. This unrealistic expectation arose from the desire of the British to secure a consistent income without considering the fluctuating agricultural productivity. Secondly, the zamindars were often unable to effectively manage their estates and collect rent from the ryots, compounded by restrictions on their authority. Additionally, the Sunset Law placed extreme urgency on payments, threatening the auction of their estates without allowance for variations in harvests or economic conditions. Over time, these combined pressures led many zamindars to default on their payments repeatedly.
Question 7.
[3 Marks]
Explain why the Britishers were interested in acquiring the region of Awadh under their control.
Answer: The British were particularly interested in Awadh for several strategic and economic reasons. Firstly, the region was known for its fertile soil, which was ideal for cultivating cash crops like indigo and cotton, ensuring profitable agricultural production. Additionally, Awadh was strategically located, allowing it to serve as a principal market for trade in Upper India. Lord Dalhousie’s description of Awadh as 'a cherry that will drop into our mouth' highlighted their imperial ambitions. By implementing the Subsidiary Alliance in 1801, the British weakened the Nawab's military and administrative power. This gradual annexation process ultimately culminated in 1856 with the formal incorporation of Awadh into British India, marking a significant step in British territorial expansion and control over Indian resources and markets.
Question 8.
Why had the historian Chandran Devanesan remarked that South Africa made Gandhiji a Mahatma? Explain.
[3 Marks]
Answer: Historian Chandran Devanesan remarked that South Africa was crucial in shaping Gandhi into a Mahatma because it was here that he developed his philosophies of non-violent resistance, known as Satyagraha. This platform allowed him to unite diverse Indian communities and advocate for social justice, particularly regarding the treatment of low castes and women. His experiences in South Africa bestowed upon him a status among local Indians, as he embraced their struggles and lived among them, ultimately earning their respect and love as a leader. South Africa thus served as the crucible in which Gandhiji’s ideals were forged, leading to his emergence as a revered figure in the freedom movement.
Section C
Question 9.
[6 Marks]
"The proclamations issued in 1857 appealed to everyone to remain united against the British rule." Support the statement with examples.
Answer: The proclamations issued during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 played a crucial role in uniting diverse sections of Indian society against British colonial rule. For instance, the Azamgarh Proclamation, which was widely distributed, appealed to both Hindus and Muslims, emphasizing unity among all castes and communities. This proclamation denounced British oppression and expressed fears that the British aimed to destabilize India's social fabric by undermining religious identities. Additionally, many proclamations were issued by Muslim leaders, yet they resonated with Hindu sentiments, fostering a collective identity. The call for unity reflected a shared struggle against not just political domination but also cultural imperialism. The claims made regarding British land annexations and their breach of trust further fueled resentment. Consequently, proclamations became a significant vehicle for leveraging communal harmony against a common adversary, allowing various groups to rally for independence. This historical context illustrates that the 1857 struggle was not merely a rebellion but a seminal moment that underscored the importance of unity in India's fight for freedom.
Question 10.
Describe the tragic incident of Jallianwala Bagh massacre. What was its impact on the Indian National Movement?
[6 Marks]
Answer: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, which occurred on April 13, 1919, marked a significant turning point in the Indian struggle for independence. British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire on a gathering of thousands of unarmed Indians who were protesting against repressive colonial laws. Over four hundred people lost their lives, and many others were injured. This brutal act sparked nationwide outrage and galvanized the Indian National Movement, leading to widespread protests against British rule. The massacre intensified anti-colonial sentiments and transformed the Indian National Congress into a more radical entity, prompting leaders like Mahatma Gandhi to take a stronger stance against British oppression. The incident served as a stark reminder of the British Empire's tyrannical nature and became a rallying point for unity among Indians, fostering a collective consciousness against colonialism. It ultimately played a pivotal role in shaping the strategies and aims of the freedom struggle, signifying a shift towards mass mobilization and civil disobedience as effective means to demand self-rule.
Question 11.
Describe the role of Gandhiji as a saviour of the Peasants of India.
[6 Marks]
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi emerged as a pivotal figure in the Indian struggle for independence, particularly admired by the peasant class for his relentless advocacy against oppressive colonial policies and high taxation. His ascetic lifestyle and symbols, such as the dhoti and charkha, resonated deeply with the agrarian community. Gandhi led significant movements like the Champaran, Kheda, and Ahmedabad agitations, where he championed the peasants' plight, validating their dignity and autonomy. By engaging with the struggles of everyday farmers, he bridged the gap between intellectuals and the working class, elevating the peasants' voices in the national discourse. His approach was not patronizing; instead, he empathized with their hardships, earning him the affection of millions who revered him as 'Mahatma'. Through these efforts, Gandhi not only galvanized the peasant population but also transformed the Indian nationalist movement into a broader representation of diverse social strata, culminating in a unified call for independence and justice.
Question 12.
[6 Marks]
"The Mughal nobility was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups." Support the statement with suitable arguments.
Answer: The Mughal nobility's diversity was a defining characteristic of its governance. The Mughal Empire, particularly under rulers like Akbar, actively integrated various ethnic and religious groups into its administration. This inclusivity is evident through the appointment of nobles from Hindu, Jain, Zoroastrian, Christian, and Jewish communities. Akbar's policy of Sulh-i-Kul, promoting universal peace and tolerance, enabled the establishment of a multireligious aristocracy. Moreover, the grants and tax exemptions provided to non-Muslim institutions illustrated the Mughals' respect for pluralism. This recruitment strategy not only fortified the empire's stability but also fostered loyalty amongst its subjects, creating a sense of belonging across different communities. The acknowledgment of diverse ethnicities and faiths helped to legitimize Mughal rule, challenging Bernier's perception of the empire’s decline due to social fragmentation, as it thrived through a complex web of social relations anchored in collaboration rather than division.
Question 13.
[6 Marks]
"Akbar's quest for religious knowledge led to interfaith debates in the Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri." Support the statement with appropriate arguments.
Answer: Akbar, the Mughal Emperor, was deeply interested in learning about different faiths and fostering harmony among them. His quest for religious knowledge was a significant aspect of his reign, particularly evident in the establishment of the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri. This institution served as a venue for interfaith dialogues, welcoming scholars from diverse religious backgrounds including Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. Through these discussions, Akbar aimed to understand various beliefs, challenge religious orthodoxy, and promote a syncretic view of spirituality. The debates in Ibadat Khana emphasized rational discourse and respect among different religions, reflecting Akbar's commitment to unity in diversity. In 1598, his farman allowed the construction of a church in Khambat, illustrating his support for religious pluralism and freedom of worship. This progressive approach not only facilitated mutual understanding but also strengthened the administrative and social fabric of the Mughal Empire, which thrived on cultural amalgamation. By engaging with various faiths, Akbar not only sought personal enlightenment but also aimed to reinforce stability within his diverse empire. His legacy is a testimony to the importance of interfaith dialogue in fostering tolerance and peace in society.
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